Long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children
Severe anaemia is a common, frequently fatal, condition in African children admitted to hospital, but its long term outcome is unknown. Early reports that survivors may be at risk of additional late morbidity and mortality may have significant implications for child survival in Africa. We assessed t...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2008-08, Vol.3 (8), p.e2903-e2903 |
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| creator | Phiri, Kamija S Calis, Job C J Faragher, Brian Nkhoma, Ernest Ng'oma, Kondwani Mangochi, Bridget Molyneux, Malcolm E van Hensbroek, Michaël Boele |
| description | Severe anaemia is a common, frequently fatal, condition in African children admitted to hospital, but its long term outcome is unknown. Early reports that survivors may be at risk of additional late morbidity and mortality may have significant implications for child survival in Africa. We assessed the short and long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children and identified potential risk factors for death and further severe anaemia.
For 18 months, we followed up children (6-60 months old) presenting to hospital with severe anaemia (haemoglobin |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0002903 |
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For 18 months, we followed up children (6-60 months old) presenting to hospital with severe anaemia (haemoglobin <or=5 g/dl) and their hospital and community controls with the aim to compare all cause mortality and severe anaemia recurrence rates between the groups, and to identify risk factors for these adverse outcomes. A total of 377 cases, 377 hospital controls and 380 community controls were recruited. Among cases, the in-hospital mortality was 6.4% and post-discharge all cause mortality was 12.6%, which was significantly greater than in hospital controls (2.9%) or community controls (1.4%) (Log rank test, p<0.001). The incidence of recurrence of severe anaemia among the cases was 0.102 per child-year (95% Confidence Interval 0.075-0.138), and was significantly higher than the 0.007 per child-year (95% CI 0.003-0.015) in the combined controls (p<0.0001). HIV was the most important risk factor both for post-discharge mortality (Hazard Ratio 10.5, 95% CI 4.0-27.2) and for recurrence of severe anaemia (HR 5.6, 95% CI 1.6-20.1).
Severe anaemia carries a high 'hidden' morbidity and mortality occurring in the months after initial diagnosis and treatment. Because severe anaemia is very common, this is likely to contribute importantly to overall under-five mortality. If not adequately addressed, severe anaemia may be an obstacle to achievement of the Millennium development goal No.4 on child survival. Strategies to diagnose and properly treat HIV infected children early most likely will reduce the high post-discharge mortality in severe anaemia.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002903</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18682797</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Anemia ; Anemia - epidemiology ; Anemia - mortality ; Anemia - therapy ; Blood transfusions ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Children ; Children & youth ; Communities ; Community ; Confidence intervals ; Discharge ; Drug therapy ; Family medical history ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; Hematology/Anemias ; Hematology/Blood Transfusion ; Hematology/Hematopoiesis ; Hematology/Pediatric Hematology ; Hemoglobin ; Hemoglobins ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Infections ; Infectious diseases ; Infectious Diseases/Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases ; Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS ; Infectious Diseases/Neglected Tropical Diseases ; Iron ; Laboratories ; Longitudinal Studies ; Malaria ; Malawi - epidemiology ; Medicine ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Pediatrics ; Pediatrics and Child Health/Pediatric Hematology ; Preschool children ; Public Health and Epidemiology ; Public Health and Epidemiology/Epidemiology ; Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases ; Public Health and Epidemiology/Preventive Medicine ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; Salmonella ; Studies ; Survival ; Survival Analysis ; Survivors ; Treatment Outcome</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2008-08, Vol.3 (8), p.e2903-e2903</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2008 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2008 Phiri et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Phiri et al. 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c662t-4d3cc4c1cc4bedb8640e0d97535bdfff733c3c90995795dcf8677c0427001d933</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c662t-4d3cc4c1cc4bedb8640e0d97535bdfff733c3c90995795dcf8677c0427001d933</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2488370/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2488370/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682797$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Phiri, Kamija S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Calis, Job C J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faragher, Brian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nkhoma, Ernest</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ng'oma, Kondwani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mangochi, Bridget</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Molyneux, Malcolm E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Hensbroek, Michaël Boele</creatorcontrib><title>Long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Severe anaemia is a common, frequently fatal, condition in African children admitted to hospital, but its long term outcome is unknown. Early reports that survivors may be at risk of additional late morbidity and mortality may have significant implications for child survival in Africa. We assessed the short and long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children and identified potential risk factors for death and further severe anaemia.
For 18 months, we followed up children (6-60 months old) presenting to hospital with severe anaemia (haemoglobin <or=5 g/dl) and their hospital and community controls with the aim to compare all cause mortality and severe anaemia recurrence rates between the groups, and to identify risk factors for these adverse outcomes. A total of 377 cases, 377 hospital controls and 380 community controls were recruited. Among cases, the in-hospital mortality was 6.4% and post-discharge all cause mortality was 12.6%, which was significantly greater than in hospital controls (2.9%) or community controls (1.4%) (Log rank test, p<0.001). The incidence of recurrence of severe anaemia among the cases was 0.102 per child-year (95% Confidence Interval 0.075-0.138), and was significantly higher than the 0.007 per child-year (95% CI 0.003-0.015) in the combined controls (p<0.0001). HIV was the most important risk factor both for post-discharge mortality (Hazard Ratio 10.5, 95% CI 4.0-27.2) and for recurrence of severe anaemia (HR 5.6, 95% CI 1.6-20.1).
Severe anaemia carries a high 'hidden' morbidity and mortality occurring in the months after initial diagnosis and treatment. Because severe anaemia is very common, this is likely to contribute importantly to overall under-five mortality. If not adequately addressed, severe anaemia may be an obstacle to achievement of the Millennium development goal No.4 on child survival. Strategies to diagnose and properly treat HIV infected children early most likely will reduce the high post-discharge mortality in severe anaemia.</description><subject>Anemia</subject><subject>Anemia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Anemia - mortality</subject><subject>Anemia - therapy</subject><subject>Blood transfusions</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Communities</subject><subject>Community</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Discharge</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Family medical history</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hematology/Anemias</subject><subject>Hematology/Blood Transfusion</subject><subject>Hematology/Hematopoiesis</subject><subject>Hematology/Pediatric Hematology</subject><subject>Hemoglobin</subject><subject>Hemoglobins</subject><subject>Hospital Mortality</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/Neglected Tropical Diseases</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malawi - epidemiology</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>Pediatrics and Child Health/Pediatric Hematology</subject><subject>Preschool children</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Epidemiology</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Preventive Medicine</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Salmonella</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Survival Analysis</subject><subject>Survivors</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkluLEzEUxwdR3LX6DUQHhAUfWnObXF6EZfFSqCx4ew1pLm1KJlmTmVW_vakdtRUfJJCEk9_5n5xL0zyGYAExgy92acxRhcVNinYBAEAC4DvNORQYzSkC-O7R_ax5UMoOgA5zSu83Z5BTjphg5w1fpbhpB5v7No2DTr1tk2uLvbXZtioq23vV-ti-U0F99Sq2euuDyTY-bO45FYp9NJ2z5tPrVx-v3s5X12-WV5eruaYUDXNisNZEw7qtrVlzSoAFRrAOd2vjnGMYa6wFEKJjojPaccqYBgQxAKARGM-apwfdm5CKnJIuEmKIkGCIk0osD4RJaidvsu9V_i6T8vKnIeWNVHnwOljJDEOICMeB5aTDijtI1sQpwZHhFKGq9XKKNq57a7SNQ1bhRPT0Jfqt3KRbiQjnmIEqcDEJ5PRltGWQvS_ahqCiTWORVGBB942YNc_-Av-d2-JAbVT9vo8u1ai6LlMbo2vnna_2S8IQxRSjvcPzE4fKDPbbsFFjKXL54f3_s9efT9mLI3ZrVRi2JYVx8CmWU5AcQJ1TKdm638WDQO4H91eecj-4chrc6vbkuPB_nKZJxT8AKoLnSw</recordid><startdate>20080806</startdate><enddate>20080806</enddate><creator>Phiri, Kamija S</creator><creator>Calis, Job C J</creator><creator>Faragher, Brian</creator><creator>Nkhoma, Ernest</creator><creator>Ng'oma, Kondwani</creator><creator>Mangochi, Bridget</creator><creator>Molyneux, Malcolm E</creator><creator>van Hensbroek, Michaël Boele</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080806</creationdate><title>Long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children</title><author>Phiri, Kamija S ; Calis, Job C J ; Faragher, Brian ; Nkhoma, Ernest ; Ng'oma, Kondwani ; Mangochi, Bridget ; Molyneux, Malcolm E ; van Hensbroek, Michaël Boele</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c662t-4d3cc4c1cc4bedb8640e0d97535bdfff733c3c90995795dcf8677c0427001d933</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Anemia</topic><topic>Anemia - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Phiri, Kamija S</au><au>Calis, Job C J</au><au>Faragher, Brian</au><au>Nkhoma, Ernest</au><au>Ng'oma, Kondwani</au><au>Mangochi, Bridget</au><au>Molyneux, Malcolm E</au><au>van Hensbroek, Michaël Boele</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2008-08-06</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>3</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e2903</spage><epage>e2903</epage><pages>e2903-e2903</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Severe anaemia is a common, frequently fatal, condition in African children admitted to hospital, but its long term outcome is unknown. Early reports that survivors may be at risk of additional late morbidity and mortality may have significant implications for child survival in Africa. We assessed the short and long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children and identified potential risk factors for death and further severe anaemia.
For 18 months, we followed up children (6-60 months old) presenting to hospital with severe anaemia (haemoglobin <or=5 g/dl) and their hospital and community controls with the aim to compare all cause mortality and severe anaemia recurrence rates between the groups, and to identify risk factors for these adverse outcomes. A total of 377 cases, 377 hospital controls and 380 community controls were recruited. Among cases, the in-hospital mortality was 6.4% and post-discharge all cause mortality was 12.6%, which was significantly greater than in hospital controls (2.9%) or community controls (1.4%) (Log rank test, p<0.001). The incidence of recurrence of severe anaemia among the cases was 0.102 per child-year (95% Confidence Interval 0.075-0.138), and was significantly higher than the 0.007 per child-year (95% CI 0.003-0.015) in the combined controls (p<0.0001). HIV was the most important risk factor both for post-discharge mortality (Hazard Ratio 10.5, 95% CI 4.0-27.2) and for recurrence of severe anaemia (HR 5.6, 95% CI 1.6-20.1).
Severe anaemia carries a high 'hidden' morbidity and mortality occurring in the months after initial diagnosis and treatment. Because severe anaemia is very common, this is likely to contribute importantly to overall under-five mortality. If not adequately addressed, severe anaemia may be an obstacle to achievement of the Millennium development goal No.4 on child survival. Strategies to diagnose and properly treat HIV infected children early most likely will reduce the high post-discharge mortality in severe anaemia.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>18682797</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0002903</doi><tpages>e2903</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2008-08, Vol.3 (8), p.e2903-e2903 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1312297284 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Anemia Anemia - epidemiology Anemia - mortality Anemia - therapy Blood transfusions Case-Control Studies Child Children Children & youth Communities Community Confidence intervals Discharge Drug therapy Family medical history Follow-Up Studies Health aspects Health risks Hematology/Anemias Hematology/Blood Transfusion Hematology/Hematopoiesis Hematology/Pediatric Hematology Hemoglobin Hemoglobins Hospital Mortality Hospitals Humans Infections Infectious diseases Infectious Diseases/Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS Infectious Diseases/Neglected Tropical Diseases Iron Laboratories Longitudinal Studies Malaria Malawi - epidemiology Medicine Morbidity Mortality Pediatrics Pediatrics and Child Health/Pediatric Hematology Preschool children Public Health and Epidemiology Public Health and Epidemiology/Epidemiology Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases Public Health and Epidemiology/Preventive Medicine Risk analysis Risk factors Salmonella Studies Survival Survival Analysis Survivors Treatment Outcome |
| title | Long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children |
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