Missing girls in India: infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? Insights from hospital-based sex-ratio-at-birth over the last century
There are 44 million missing women in India. Gender bias; neglect of girls, infanticides and feticides are responsible. The sex ratio at birth can be used to examine the influence of antenatal sex selection on the sex ratio. Records from 321,991 deliveries at one hospital over 11 decades were utiliz...
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| creator | Sahni, Mohit Verma, Neeraj Narula, D Varghese, Raji Mathew Sreenivas, V Puliyel, Jacob M |
| description | There are 44 million missing women in India. Gender bias; neglect of girls, infanticides and feticides are responsible. The sex ratio at birth can be used to examine the influence of antenatal sex selection on the sex ratio.
Records from 321,991 deliveries at one hospital over 11 decades were utilized. The middle year in each decade was taken as representative of the decade. Data from 33,524 deliveries were then analyzed. Data for each decade was combined with that of previous decades and compared to the data of subsequent decades to look for any change in the trend. Sex ratio in the second children against sex of the first child was studied separately.
The mean sex ratio for the 110 years examined was 910 girls to 1000 boys (95% CI; 891 to 930). The sex ratio dropped significantly from 935 (CI: 905 to 967) before 1979, to 892 (CI: 868 to 918) after 1980 (P = 0.04). The sex ratio in the second child was significantly lower if the first child was a girl [716 (CI: 672 to 762] (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0002224 |
| format | Article |
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Records from 321,991 deliveries at one hospital over 11 decades were utilized. The middle year in each decade was taken as representative of the decade. Data from 33,524 deliveries were then analyzed. Data for each decade was combined with that of previous decades and compared to the data of subsequent decades to look for any change in the trend. Sex ratio in the second children against sex of the first child was studied separately.
The mean sex ratio for the 110 years examined was 910 girls to 1000 boys (95% CI; 891 to 930). The sex ratio dropped significantly from 935 (CI: 905 to 967) before 1979, to 892 (CI: 868 to 918) after 1980 (P = 0.04). The sex ratio in the second child was significantly lower if the first child was a girl [716 (CI: 672 to 762] (P<0.001). On the other hand, there was an excess of girls born to mothers whose first child was boy [1140 girls per 1000 boys (CI: 1072 to 1212 P<0.001)].
The sex ratio fell significantly after 1980 when ultra sound machines for antenatal sex determination became available. The sex ratio in second children if the first was a girl was even lower. Sex selective abortions after antenatal sex determination are thus implicated. However data on second children especially the excess of girls born to mothers who have a previous boy seen in the decade before the advent of antenatal ultra sound machines, suggests that other means of sex selection are also used.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002224</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18493614</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Abortion ; Abortion, Induced ; Analysis ; Antigens ; Babies ; Birth ; Births ; Censuses ; Children ; Children & youth ; Data processing ; Discrimination ; Female ; Gender ; Girls ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; India ; Inequality ; Infant, Newborn ; Infanticide ; Male ; Missing persons ; Mothers ; Newborn babies ; Obstetrics/Still Birth ; Pediatrics ; Pediatrics and Child Health ; Population ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant women ; Ratios ; Sex ; Sex determination ; Sex discrimination ; Sex Ratio ; Sexes ; Studies</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2008-05, Vol.3 (5), p.e2224-e2224</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2008 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2008 Sahni et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Sahni et al. 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c662t-df58a4b3e18da00a764e96ba818a9b7afc3f6dbdda825620ce3abaf3c709c7c63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c662t-df58a4b3e18da00a764e96ba818a9b7afc3f6dbdda825620ce3abaf3c709c7c63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377330/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377330/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18493614$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Ho, Jacqueline</contributor><creatorcontrib>Sahni, Mohit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verma, Neeraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Narula, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varghese, Raji Mathew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sreenivas, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Puliyel, Jacob M</creatorcontrib><title>Missing girls in India: infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? Insights from hospital-based sex-ratio-at-birth over the last century</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>There are 44 million missing women in India. Gender bias; neglect of girls, infanticides and feticides are responsible. The sex ratio at birth can be used to examine the influence of antenatal sex selection on the sex ratio.
Records from 321,991 deliveries at one hospital over 11 decades were utilized. The middle year in each decade was taken as representative of the decade. Data from 33,524 deliveries were then analyzed. Data for each decade was combined with that of previous decades and compared to the data of subsequent decades to look for any change in the trend. Sex ratio in the second children against sex of the first child was studied separately.
The mean sex ratio for the 110 years examined was 910 girls to 1000 boys (95% CI; 891 to 930). The sex ratio dropped significantly from 935 (CI: 905 to 967) before 1979, to 892 (CI: 868 to 918) after 1980 (P = 0.04). The sex ratio in the second child was significantly lower if the first child was a girl [716 (CI: 672 to 762] (P<0.001). On the other hand, there was an excess of girls born to mothers whose first child was boy [1140 girls per 1000 boys (CI: 1072 to 1212 P<0.001)].
The sex ratio fell significantly after 1980 when ultra sound machines for antenatal sex determination became available. The sex ratio in second children if the first was a girl was even lower. Sex selective abortions after antenatal sex determination are thus implicated. However data on second children especially the excess of girls born to mothers who have a previous boy seen in the decade before the advent of antenatal ultra sound machines, suggests that other means of sex selection are also used.</description><subject>Abortion</subject><subject>Abortion, Induced</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Babies</subject><subject>Birth</subject><subject>Births</subject><subject>Censuses</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Data processing</subject><subject>Discrimination</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Girls</subject><subject>Hepatitis</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>Inequality</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Infanticide</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Missing persons</subject><subject>Mothers</subject><subject>Newborn babies</subject><subject>Obstetrics/Still Birth</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>Pediatrics and Child Health</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnant women</subject><subject>Ratios</subject><subject>Sex</subject><subject>Sex determination</subject><subject>Sex discrimination</subject><subject>Sex Ratio</subject><subject>Sexes</subject><subject>Studies</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNU9uKFDEQbURx19E_EA0IC4I95tKT7vZBWRYvAysL3l5Ddae6O0tPMpukl93f8IvNOKPOiA-ShxTJOadSJ1VZ9pjRORMle3npJm9hnK-dxTmllHNe3MmOWS14LjkVd_fio-xBCJeULkQl5f3siFVFLSQrjrPvH00IxvakN34MxFiytNrAqxR1YKNpjcYXpMNtRMBqsgKNeXS58xo9WXvsLdjWYHiTuMH0Qwyk825FBhfWJsKYNxBQk4A3uYdoXA4xb4yPA3HXSSEOSEYIkbRo4-RvH2b3OhgDPtrts-zru7dfzj7k5xfvl2en53krJY-57hYVFI1AVmmgFEpZYC0bqFgFdVNC14pO6kZrqPgimdCigAY60Za0bstWiln2dKu7Hl1QOzuDYoJxXpU8OTTLlluEdnCp1t6swN8qB0b9PHC-V-CTMyOqigutmS4oa7AoBIcasKzq9DrsCi5F0nq9yzY1K9SbWj2MB6KHN9YMqnfXiouyFIImgZOdgHdXE4aoVia0OI5g0U1BlbSUjJabTM_-Av67tvkW1UN6fvptl7K2aWlcmTb1VGfS-WlRcrlIfbMhPD8gJEzEm9jDFIJafv70_9iLb4fYkz3sgDDGIbhxSo1iwyGw2AJb70Lw2P02j1G1GYlfdarNSKjdSCTak33j_5B2MyB-AORoClU</recordid><startdate>20080521</startdate><enddate>20080521</enddate><creator>Sahni, Mohit</creator><creator>Verma, Neeraj</creator><creator>Narula, D</creator><creator>Varghese, Raji Mathew</creator><creator>Sreenivas, V</creator><creator>Puliyel, Jacob M</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080521</creationdate><title>Missing girls in India: infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sahni, Mohit</au><au>Verma, Neeraj</au><au>Narula, D</au><au>Varghese, Raji Mathew</au><au>Sreenivas, V</au><au>Puliyel, Jacob M</au><au>Ho, Jacqueline</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Missing girls in India: infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? Insights from hospital-based sex-ratio-at-birth over the last century</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2008-05-21</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>3</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e2224</spage><epage>e2224</epage><pages>e2224-e2224</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>There are 44 million missing women in India. Gender bias; neglect of girls, infanticides and feticides are responsible. The sex ratio at birth can be used to examine the influence of antenatal sex selection on the sex ratio.
Records from 321,991 deliveries at one hospital over 11 decades were utilized. The middle year in each decade was taken as representative of the decade. Data from 33,524 deliveries were then analyzed. Data for each decade was combined with that of previous decades and compared to the data of subsequent decades to look for any change in the trend. Sex ratio in the second children against sex of the first child was studied separately.
The mean sex ratio for the 110 years examined was 910 girls to 1000 boys (95% CI; 891 to 930). The sex ratio dropped significantly from 935 (CI: 905 to 967) before 1979, to 892 (CI: 868 to 918) after 1980 (P = 0.04). The sex ratio in the second child was significantly lower if the first child was a girl [716 (CI: 672 to 762] (P<0.001). On the other hand, there was an excess of girls born to mothers whose first child was boy [1140 girls per 1000 boys (CI: 1072 to 1212 P<0.001)].
The sex ratio fell significantly after 1980 when ultra sound machines for antenatal sex determination became available. The sex ratio in second children if the first was a girl was even lower. Sex selective abortions after antenatal sex determination are thus implicated. However data on second children especially the excess of girls born to mothers who have a previous boy seen in the decade before the advent of antenatal ultra sound machines, suggests that other means of sex selection are also used.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>18493614</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0002224</doi><tpages>e2224</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Abortion Abortion, Induced Analysis Antigens Babies Birth Births Censuses Children Children & youth Data processing Discrimination Female Gender Girls Hepatitis Humans India Inequality Infant, Newborn Infanticide Male Missing persons Mothers Newborn babies Obstetrics/Still Birth Pediatrics Pediatrics and Child Health Population Pregnancy Pregnant women Ratios Sex Sex determination Sex discrimination Sex Ratio Sexes Studies |
| title | Missing girls in India: infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? Insights from hospital-based sex-ratio-at-birth over the last century |
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