Competing conservation objectives for predators and prey: estimating killer whale prey requirements for Chinook salmon
Ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine resources attempts to conserve interacting species. In contrast to single-species fisheries management, EBM aims to identify and resolve conflicting objectives for different species. Such a conflict may be emerging in the northeastern Pacific for southern r...
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| creator | Williams, Rob Krkošek, Martin Ashe, Erin Branch, Trevor A Clark, Steve Hammond, Philip S Hoyt, Erich Noren, Dawn P Rosen, David Winship, Arliss |
| description | Ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine resources attempts to conserve interacting species. In contrast to single-species fisheries management, EBM aims to identify and resolve conflicting objectives for different species. Such a conflict may be emerging in the northeastern Pacific for southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) and their primary prey, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Both species have at-risk conservation status and transboundary (Canada-US) ranges. We modeled individual killer whale prey requirements from feeding and growth records of captive killer whales and morphometric data from historic live-capture fishery and whaling records worldwide. The models, combined with caloric value of salmon, and demographic and diet data for wild killer whales, allow us to predict salmon quantities needed to maintain and recover this killer whale population, which numbered 87 individuals in 2009. Our analyses provide new information on cost of lactation and new parameter estimates for other killer whale populations globally. Prey requirements of southern resident killer whales are difficult to reconcile with fisheries and conservation objectives for Chinook salmon, because the number of fish required is large relative to annual returns and fishery catches. For instance, a U.S. recovery goal (2.3% annual population growth of killer whales over 28 years) implies a 75% increase in energetic requirements. Reducing salmon fisheries may serve as a temporary mitigation measure to allow time for management actions to improve salmon productivity to take effect. As ecosystem-based fishery management becomes more prevalent, trade-offs between conservation objectives for predators and prey will become increasingly necessary. Our approach offers scenarios to compare relative influence of various sources of uncertainty on the resulting consumption estimates to prioritise future research efforts, and a general approach for assessing the extent of conflict between conservation objectives for threatened or protected wildlife where the interaction between affected species can be quantified. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0026738 |
| format | Article |
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In contrast to single-species fisheries management, EBM aims to identify and resolve conflicting objectives for different species. Such a conflict may be emerging in the northeastern Pacific for southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) and their primary prey, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Both species have at-risk conservation status and transboundary (Canada-US) ranges. We modeled individual killer whale prey requirements from feeding and growth records of captive killer whales and morphometric data from historic live-capture fishery and whaling records worldwide. The models, combined with caloric value of salmon, and demographic and diet data for wild killer whales, allow us to predict salmon quantities needed to maintain and recover this killer whale population, which numbered 87 individuals in 2009. Our analyses provide new information on cost of lactation and new parameter estimates for other killer whale populations globally. Prey requirements of southern resident killer whales are difficult to reconcile with fisheries and conservation objectives for Chinook salmon, because the number of fish required is large relative to annual returns and fishery catches. For instance, a U.S. recovery goal (2.3% annual population growth of killer whales over 28 years) implies a 75% increase in energetic requirements. Reducing salmon fisheries may serve as a temporary mitigation measure to allow time for management actions to improve salmon productivity to take effect. As ecosystem-based fishery management becomes more prevalent, trade-offs between conservation objectives for predators and prey will become increasingly necessary. Our approach offers scenarios to compare relative influence of various sources of uncertainty on the resulting consumption estimates to prioritise future research efforts, and a general approach for assessing the extent of conflict between conservation objectives for threatened or protected wildlife where the interaction between affected species can be quantified.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026738</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22096495</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Animal behavior ; Animals ; Aquatic mammals ; Biology ; Cetacea ; Conflict management ; Conservation ; Conservation status ; Cost analysis ; Delphinidae ; Demographics ; Ecosystem assessment ; Ecosystem management ; Ecosystems ; Endangered & extinct species ; Fish ; Fish conservation ; Fisheries ; Fisheries management ; Fishery management ; Fishes ; Lactation ; Management ; Marine ecosystems ; Marine mammals ; Marine resources ; Mitigation ; Models, Statistical ; New records ; Oncorhynchus ; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; Orcinus orca ; Population growth ; Predators ; Predatory Behavior - physiology ; Prey ; Protection and preservation ; Resource management ; Salmon ; Salmon - physiology ; Salmon fisheries ; Species ; Whale, Killer - physiology ; Whaling ; Wildlife ; Wildlife conservation ; Wildlife management</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2011-11, Vol.6 (11), p.e26738-e26738</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2011 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2011 Williams et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Williams et al. 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c691t-e2b5a2de7c9b2e8d2ab9b2d1357b07980355f3022a4553a21b969e2ac17a29c63</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3212518/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3212518/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22096495$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>O'Connor, Mary</contributor><creatorcontrib>Williams, Rob</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krkošek, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ashe, Erin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Branch, Trevor A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clark, Steve</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hammond, Philip S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoyt, Erich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noren, Dawn P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosen, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winship, Arliss</creatorcontrib><title>Competing conservation objectives for predators and prey: estimating killer whale prey requirements for Chinook salmon</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine resources attempts to conserve interacting species. In contrast to single-species fisheries management, EBM aims to identify and resolve conflicting objectives for different species. Such a conflict may be emerging in the northeastern Pacific for southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) and their primary prey, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Both species have at-risk conservation status and transboundary (Canada-US) ranges. We modeled individual killer whale prey requirements from feeding and growth records of captive killer whales and morphometric data from historic live-capture fishery and whaling records worldwide. The models, combined with caloric value of salmon, and demographic and diet data for wild killer whales, allow us to predict salmon quantities needed to maintain and recover this killer whale population, which numbered 87 individuals in 2009. Our analyses provide new information on cost of lactation and new parameter estimates for other killer whale populations globally. Prey requirements of southern resident killer whales are difficult to reconcile with fisheries and conservation objectives for Chinook salmon, because the number of fish required is large relative to annual returns and fishery catches. For instance, a U.S. recovery goal (2.3% annual population growth of killer whales over 28 years) implies a 75% increase in energetic requirements. Reducing salmon fisheries may serve as a temporary mitigation measure to allow time for management actions to improve salmon productivity to take effect. As ecosystem-based fishery management becomes more prevalent, trade-offs between conservation objectives for predators and prey will become increasingly necessary. Our approach offers scenarios to compare relative influence of various sources of uncertainty on the resulting consumption estimates to prioritise future research efforts, and a general approach for assessing the extent of conflict between conservation objectives for threatened or protected wildlife where the interaction between affected species can be quantified.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Aquatic mammals</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Cetacea</subject><subject>Conflict management</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Conservation status</subject><subject>Cost analysis</subject><subject>Delphinidae</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Ecosystem assessment</subject><subject>Ecosystem management</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Endangered & extinct species</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Fish 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One</addtitle><date>2011-11-09</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>6</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e26738</spage><epage>e26738</epage><pages>e26738-e26738</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine resources attempts to conserve interacting species. In contrast to single-species fisheries management, EBM aims to identify and resolve conflicting objectives for different species. Such a conflict may be emerging in the northeastern Pacific for southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) and their primary prey, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Both species have at-risk conservation status and transboundary (Canada-US) ranges. We modeled individual killer whale prey requirements from feeding and growth records of captive killer whales and morphometric data from historic live-capture fishery and whaling records worldwide. The models, combined with caloric value of salmon, and demographic and diet data for wild killer whales, allow us to predict salmon quantities needed to maintain and recover this killer whale population, which numbered 87 individuals in 2009. Our analyses provide new information on cost of lactation and new parameter estimates for other killer whale populations globally. Prey requirements of southern resident killer whales are difficult to reconcile with fisheries and conservation objectives for Chinook salmon, because the number of fish required is large relative to annual returns and fishery catches. For instance, a U.S. recovery goal (2.3% annual population growth of killer whales over 28 years) implies a 75% increase in energetic requirements. Reducing salmon fisheries may serve as a temporary mitigation measure to allow time for management actions to improve salmon productivity to take effect. As ecosystem-based fishery management becomes more prevalent, trade-offs between conservation objectives for predators and prey will become increasingly necessary. Our approach offers scenarios to compare relative influence of various sources of uncertainty on the resulting consumption estimates to prioritise future research efforts, and a general approach for assessing the extent of conflict between conservation objectives for threatened or protected wildlife where the interaction between affected species can be quantified.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>22096495</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0026738</doi><tpages>e26738</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2011-11, Vol.6 (11), p.e26738-e26738 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Analysis Animal behavior Animals Aquatic mammals Biology Cetacea Conflict management Conservation Conservation status Cost analysis Delphinidae Demographics Ecosystem assessment Ecosystem management Ecosystems Endangered & extinct species Fish Fish conservation Fisheries Fisheries management Fishery management Fishes Lactation Management Marine ecosystems Marine mammals Marine resources Mitigation Models, Statistical New records Oncorhynchus Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Orcinus orca Population growth Predators Predatory Behavior - physiology Prey Protection and preservation Resource management Salmon Salmon - physiology Salmon fisheries Species Whale, Killer - physiology Whaling Wildlife Wildlife conservation Wildlife management |
| title | Competing conservation objectives for predators and prey: estimating killer whale prey requirements for Chinook salmon |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-23T20%3A51%3A31IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Competing%20conservation%20objectives%20for%20predators%20and%20prey:%20estimating%20killer%20whale%20prey%20requirements%20for%20Chinook%20salmon&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Williams,%20Rob&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=e26738&rft.epage=e26738&rft.pages=e26738-e26738&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026738&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA476863271%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1312104815&rft_id=info:pmid/22096495&rft_galeid=A476863271&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_3932653821f146a383f8a62d1f2f619a&rfr_iscdi=true |