The spread of HIV in Pakistan: bridging of the epidemic between populations
In the last two decades, 'concentrated epidemics' of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have established in several high risk groups in Pakistan, including Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) and among men who have sex with men (MSM). To explore the transmission patterns of HIV infection in these...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2011-07, Vol.6 (7), p.e22449-e22449 |
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| creator | Khanani, Muhammad R Somani, Mehreen Rehmani, Sadiq S Veras, Nazle M C Salemi, Marco Ali, Syed H |
| description | In the last two decades, 'concentrated epidemics' of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have established in several high risk groups in Pakistan, including Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) and among men who have sex with men (MSM). To explore the transmission patterns of HIV infection in these major high-risk groups of Pakistan, 76 HIV samples were analyzed from MSM, their female spouses and children, along with 26 samples from a previously studied cohort of IDUs. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV gag gene sequences obtained from these samples indicated a substantial degree of intermixing between the IDU and MSM populations, suggesting a bridging of HIV infection from IDUs, via MSM, to the MSM spouses and children. HIV epidemic in Pakistan is now spreading to the female spouses and offspring of bisexual MSM. HIV control and awareness programs must be refocused to include IDUs, MSM, as well as bisexual MSM, and their spouses and children. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0022449 |
| format | Article |
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To explore the transmission patterns of HIV infection in these major high-risk groups of Pakistan, 76 HIV samples were analyzed from MSM, their female spouses and children, along with 26 samples from a previously studied cohort of IDUs. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV gag gene sequences obtained from these samples indicated a substantial degree of intermixing between the IDU and MSM populations, suggesting a bridging of HIV infection from IDUs, via MSM, to the MSM spouses and children. HIV epidemic in Pakistan is now spreading to the female spouses and offspring of bisexual MSM. HIV control and awareness programs must be refocused to include IDUs, MSM, as well as bisexual MSM, and their spouses and children.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022449</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21799857</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Adolescent ; Adult ; AIDS ; Analysis ; Biology ; Bisexual ; Bisexuality ; Bisexuality - statistics & numerical data ; Bisexuals ; Bridging ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Cladistic analysis ; Disease transmission ; DNA, Viral - genetics ; Drug abuse ; Drug Users - statistics & numerical data ; Epidemics ; Female ; Gag protein ; Gene sequencing ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; HIV ; HIV infections ; HIV Infections - epidemiology ; HIV Infections - transmission ; HIV-1 - classification ; HIV-1 - genetics ; Homosexuality, Male - statistics & numerical data ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infection ; Infections ; Male ; Medicine ; Middle Aged ; Offspring ; Pakistan - epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Populations ; Risk ; Risk groups ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viruses ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2011-07, Vol.6 (7), p.e22449-e22449</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2011 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2011 Khanani et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Khanani et al. 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c691t-f72f56a3d2cf311b622261c795ae5f78a965fb516269a48643eb1f84802830823</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c691t-f72f56a3d2cf311b622261c795ae5f78a965fb516269a48643eb1f84802830823</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143131/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143131/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,866,887,2106,2932,23875,27933,27934,53800,53802</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799857$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Thorne, Claire</contributor><creatorcontrib>Khanani, Muhammad R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Somani, Mehreen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rehmani, Sadiq S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Veras, Nazle M C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salemi, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Syed H</creatorcontrib><title>The spread of HIV in Pakistan: bridging of the epidemic between populations</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>In the last two decades, 'concentrated epidemics' of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have established in several high risk groups in Pakistan, including Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) and among men who have sex with men (MSM). To explore the transmission patterns of HIV infection in these major high-risk groups of Pakistan, 76 HIV samples were analyzed from MSM, their female spouses and children, along with 26 samples from a previously studied cohort of IDUs. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV gag gene sequences obtained from these samples indicated a substantial degree of intermixing between the IDU and MSM populations, suggesting a bridging of HIV infection from IDUs, via MSM, to the MSM spouses and children. HIV epidemic in Pakistan is now spreading to the female spouses and offspring of bisexual MSM. HIV control and awareness programs must be refocused to include IDUs, MSM, as well as bisexual MSM, and their spouses and children.</description><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>AIDS</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Bisexual</subject><subject>Bisexuality</subject><subject>Bisexuality - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Bisexuals</subject><subject>Bridging</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Cladistic analysis</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>DNA, Viral - genetics</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug Users - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gag protein</subject><subject>Gene sequencing</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV infections</subject><subject>HIV Infections - 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To explore the transmission patterns of HIV infection in these major high-risk groups of Pakistan, 76 HIV samples were analyzed from MSM, their female spouses and children, along with 26 samples from a previously studied cohort of IDUs. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV gag gene sequences obtained from these samples indicated a substantial degree of intermixing between the IDU and MSM populations, suggesting a bridging of HIV infection from IDUs, via MSM, to the MSM spouses and children. HIV epidemic in Pakistan is now spreading to the female spouses and offspring of bisexual MSM. HIV control and awareness programs must be refocused to include IDUs, MSM, as well as bisexual MSM, and their spouses and children.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>21799857</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0022449</doi><tpages>e22449</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Adolescent Adult AIDS Analysis Biology Bisexual Bisexuality Bisexuality - statistics & numerical data Bisexuals Bridging Child Child, Preschool Children Cladistic analysis Disease transmission DNA, Viral - genetics Drug abuse Drug Users - statistics & numerical data Epidemics Female Gag protein Gene sequencing Health aspects Health risks HIV HIV infections HIV Infections - epidemiology HIV Infections - transmission HIV-1 - classification HIV-1 - genetics Homosexuality, Male - statistics & numerical data Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Infection Infections Male Medicine Middle Aged Offspring Pakistan - epidemiology Phylogeny Polymerase chain reaction Populations Risk Risk groups Sequence Analysis, DNA Viruses Young Adult |
| title | The spread of HIV in Pakistan: bridging of the epidemic between populations |
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