The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscle in primates. I: static forces and step responses
The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscles are prime determinants of the deficits observed following eye muscle paralysis, the root cause of several types of strabismus. Our limited knowledge about such properties is hindering the ability of eye plant models to assist in formulating a patien...
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description | The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscles are prime determinants of the deficits observed following eye muscle paralysis, the root cause of several types of strabismus. Our limited knowledge about such properties is hindering the ability of eye plant models to assist in formulating a patient's diagnosis and prognosis. To investigate these properties we conducted an extensive in vivo study of the mechanics of passive eye muscles in deeply anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. We describe here the static length-tension relationship and the transient forces elicited by small step-like elongations. We found that the static force increases nonlinearly with length, as previously shown. As expected, an elongation step induces a fast rise in force, followed by a prolonged decay. The time course of the decay is however considerably more complex than previously thought, indicating the presence of several relaxation processes, with time constants ranging from 1 ms to at least 40 s. The mechanical properties of passive eye muscles are thus similar to those of many other biological passive tissues. Eye plant models, which for lack of data had to rely on (erroneous) assumptions, will have to be updated to incorporate these properties. |
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To investigate these properties we conducted an extensive in vivo study of the mechanics of passive eye muscles in deeply anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. We describe here the static length-tension relationship and the transient forces elicited by small step-like elongations. We found that the static force increases nonlinearly with length, as previously shown. As expected, an elongation step induces a fast rise in force, followed by a prolonged decay. The time course of the decay is however considerably more complex than previously thought, indicating the presence of several relaxation processes, with time constants ranging from 1 ms to at least 40 s. The mechanical properties of passive eye muscles are thus similar to those of many other biological passive tissues. Eye plant models, which for lack of data had to rely on (erroneous) assumptions, will have to be updated to incorporate these properties.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004850</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19337381</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Animals ; Biotechnology/Bioengineering ; Datasets ; Decay ; Elongation ; Eye ; In vivo methods and tests ; Laboratories ; Macaca mulatta - physiology ; Mathematics/Nonlinear Dynamics ; Mechanical properties ; Medical research ; Monkeys ; Monkeys & apes ; Muscle function ; Muscles ; Musculoskeletal system ; Oculomotor Muscles - physiology ; Paralysis ; Physiology ; Physiology/Motor Systems ; Physiology/Muscle and Connective Tissue ; Plant tissues ; Primates ; Prognosis ; Rheology ; Rodents ; Strabismus ; Studies ; Viscoelasticity ; Viscosity</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2009-04, Vol.4 (4), p.e4850-e4850</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2009 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. 2009</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c592t-c3839c89bba3d7a12ac0665760f444de489b95b2e73e95b754434458d8a8f2c93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c592t-c3839c89bba3d7a12ac0665760f444de489b95b2e73e95b754434458d8a8f2c93</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660417/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660417/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2929,23868,27926,27927,53793,53795</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19337381$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Lucia, Alejandro</contributor><creatorcontrib>Quaia, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ying, Howard S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nichols, Altah M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Optican, Lance M</creatorcontrib><title>The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscle in primates. I: static forces and step responses</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscles are prime determinants of the deficits observed following eye muscle paralysis, the root cause of several types of strabismus. Our limited knowledge about such properties is hindering the ability of eye plant models to assist in formulating a patient's diagnosis and prognosis. To investigate these properties we conducted an extensive in vivo study of the mechanics of passive eye muscles in deeply anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. We describe here the static length-tension relationship and the transient forces elicited by small step-like elongations. We found that the static force increases nonlinearly with length, as previously shown. As expected, an elongation step induces a fast rise in force, followed by a prolonged decay. The time course of the decay is however considerably more complex than previously thought, indicating the presence of several relaxation processes, with time constants ranging from 1 ms to at least 40 s. The mechanical properties of passive eye muscles are thus similar to those of many other biological passive tissues. Eye plant models, which for lack of data had to rely on (erroneous) assumptions, will have to be updated to incorporate these properties.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biotechnology/Bioengineering</subject><subject>Datasets</subject><subject>Decay</subject><subject>Elongation</subject><subject>Eye</subject><subject>In vivo methods and tests</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Macaca mulatta - physiology</subject><subject>Mathematics/Nonlinear Dynamics</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Monkeys</subject><subject>Monkeys & apes</subject><subject>Muscle function</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>Oculomotor Muscles - physiology</subject><subject>Paralysis</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Physiology/Motor Systems</subject><subject>Physiology/Muscle and Connective Tissue</subject><subject>Plant tissues</subject><subject>Primates</subject><subject>Prognosis</subject><subject>Rheology</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Strabismus</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Viscoelasticity</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNklGL1DAQx4so3nn6DUQLwoEPuyZNmrQ-CMdx6sLBgZ6-hjSd7GbpNrXTLt63v9nbqrvig_QhYeY3_8lM_0nykrM5F5q_W8exb20z72ILc8aYLHL2KDnlpchmKmPi8cH9JHmGuGYsF4VST5MTSggtCn6aVLcrSLcBXYTG4hBc2vWxg34IgGn0aWcRwxZSuIN0M6JrIA0tMWFjB8B5unif4mB3dT72jmpsW1MEurQHpKch4PPkibcNwovpPEu-fby6vfw8u775tLi8uJ65vMyGmROFKF1RVpUVtbY8s44plWvFvJSyBkmpMq8y0ALo1LmUQsq8qAtb-MyV4ix5vdftmohmWg8anpWkU-RqRyz2RB3t2jwM0d-ZaIN5CMR-aSxNTkMaXymWaeelp86irCtba7poX0plIeOk9WHqNlYbqB20Q2-bI9HjTBtWZhm3JlOKSa5J4HwS6OOPEXAwG_oN0DS2hTiiUZqzrNQ5gW_-Av8923xPLS09P7Q-UldHXw2b4MgjPlD8QmoheC65ooK3RwXEDPBzWNoR0Sy-fvl_9ub7MXt-wK7ANsMKYzMOgdxwDMo96PqI2IP_vTzOzM7iv-Y0O4ubyeJU9upw8X-KJk-Le4dg9-E</recordid><startdate>20090401</startdate><enddate>20090401</enddate><creator>Quaia, Christian</creator><creator>Ying, Howard S</creator><creator>Nichols, Altah M</creator><creator>Optican, Lance M</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090401</creationdate><title>The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscle in primates. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Quaia, Christian</au><au>Ying, Howard S</au><au>Nichols, Altah M</au><au>Optican, Lance M</au><au>Lucia, Alejandro</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscle in primates. I: static forces and step responses</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2009-04-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e4850</spage><epage>e4850</epage><pages>e4850-e4850</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscles are prime determinants of the deficits observed following eye muscle paralysis, the root cause of several types of strabismus. Our limited knowledge about such properties is hindering the ability of eye plant models to assist in formulating a patient's diagnosis and prognosis. To investigate these properties we conducted an extensive in vivo study of the mechanics of passive eye muscles in deeply anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. We describe here the static length-tension relationship and the transient forces elicited by small step-like elongations. We found that the static force increases nonlinearly with length, as previously shown. As expected, an elongation step induces a fast rise in force, followed by a prolonged decay. The time course of the decay is however considerably more complex than previously thought, indicating the presence of several relaxation processes, with time constants ranging from 1 ms to at least 40 s. The mechanical properties of passive eye muscles are thus similar to those of many other biological passive tissues. Eye plant models, which for lack of data had to rely on (erroneous) assumptions, will have to be updated to incorporate these properties.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>19337381</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0004850</doi><tpages>e4850</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Analysis Animals Biotechnology/Bioengineering Datasets Decay Elongation Eye In vivo methods and tests Laboratories Macaca mulatta - physiology Mathematics/Nonlinear Dynamics Mechanical properties Medical research Monkeys Monkeys & apes Muscle function Muscles Musculoskeletal system Oculomotor Muscles - physiology Paralysis Physiology Physiology/Motor Systems Physiology/Muscle and Connective Tissue Plant tissues Primates Prognosis Rheology Rodents Strabismus Studies Viscoelasticity Viscosity |
title | The viscoelastic properties of passive eye muscle in primates. I: static forces and step responses |
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