Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis
The island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, is the site of a sustained outbreak of tularemia due to Francisella tularensis tularensis. Dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, appear to be critical in the perpetuation of the agent there. Tularemia has long been characterized as an agent of natura...
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| description | The island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, is the site of a sustained outbreak of tularemia due to Francisella tularensis tularensis. Dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, appear to be critical in the perpetuation of the agent there. Tularemia has long been characterized as an agent of natural focality, stably persisting in characteristic sites of transmission, but this suggestion has never been rigorously tested. Accordingly, we sought to identify a natural focus of transmission of the agent of tularemia by mapping the distribution of PCR-positive ticks. From 2004 to 2007, questing D. variabilis were collected from 85 individual waypoints along a 1.5 km transect in a field site on Martha's Vineyard. The positions of PCR-positive ticks were then mapped using ArcGIS. Cluster analysis identified an area approximately 290 meters in diameter, 9 waypoints, that was significantly more likely to yield PCR-positive ticks (relative risk 3.3, P = 0.001) than the rest of the field site. Genotyping of F. tularensis using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis on PCR-positive ticks yielded 13 different haplotypes, the vast majority of which was one dominant haplotype. Positive ticks collected in the cluster were 3.4 times (relative risk = 3.4, P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000319 |
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C.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Goethert, Heidi K ; Telford, 3rd, Sam R ; Ribeiro, José M. C.</creatorcontrib><description>The island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, is the site of a sustained outbreak of tularemia due to Francisella tularensis tularensis. Dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, appear to be critical in the perpetuation of the agent there. Tularemia has long been characterized as an agent of natural focality, stably persisting in characteristic sites of transmission, but this suggestion has never been rigorously tested. Accordingly, we sought to identify a natural focus of transmission of the agent of tularemia by mapping the distribution of PCR-positive ticks. From 2004 to 2007, questing D. variabilis were collected from 85 individual waypoints along a 1.5 km transect in a field site on Martha's Vineyard. The positions of PCR-positive ticks were then mapped using ArcGIS. Cluster analysis identified an area approximately 290 meters in diameter, 9 waypoints, that was significantly more likely to yield PCR-positive ticks (relative risk 3.3, P = 0.001) than the rest of the field site. Genotyping of F. tularensis using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis on PCR-positive ticks yielded 13 different haplotypes, the vast majority of which was one dominant haplotype. Positive ticks collected in the cluster were 3.4 times (relative risk = 3.4, P<0.0001) more likely to have an uncommon haplotype than those collected elsewhere from the transect. We conclude that we have identified a microfocus where the agent of tularemia stably perpetuates and that this area is where genetic diversity is generated.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7366</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000319</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19247435</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animals ; Arachnids ; Biological diversity ; Bird migration ; Causes of ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Cluster Analysis ; Colleges & universities ; Confidence intervals ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; Dermacentor - microbiology ; Distribution ; DNA ; Ecology/Environmental Microbiology ; Francisella tularensis ; Francisella tularensis - genetics ; Genetic aspects ; Geographic Information Systems ; Haplotypes ; Infections ; Massachusetts ; Minisatellite Repeats ; Physiological aspects ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases ; Software ; Tularemia ; Tularemia - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>PLoS pathogens, 2009-02, Vol.5 (2), p.e1000319-e1000319</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2009 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>Goethert, Telford. 2009</rights><rights>2009 Goethert, Telford. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Goethert HK, Telford SR III (2009) Nonrandom Distribution of Vector Ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) Infected by Francisella tularensis. 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C.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Goethert, Heidi K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Telford, 3rd, Sam R</creatorcontrib><title>Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis</title><title>PLoS pathogens</title><addtitle>PLoS Pathog</addtitle><description>The island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, is the site of a sustained outbreak of tularemia due to Francisella tularensis tularensis. Dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, appear to be critical in the perpetuation of the agent there. Tularemia has long been characterized as an agent of natural focality, stably persisting in characteristic sites of transmission, but this suggestion has never been rigorously tested. Accordingly, we sought to identify a natural focus of transmission of the agent of tularemia by mapping the distribution of PCR-positive ticks. From 2004 to 2007, questing D. variabilis were collected from 85 individual waypoints along a 1.5 km transect in a field site on Martha's Vineyard. The positions of PCR-positive ticks were then mapped using ArcGIS. Cluster analysis identified an area approximately 290 meters in diameter, 9 waypoints, that was significantly more likely to yield PCR-positive ticks (relative risk 3.3, P = 0.001) than the rest of the field site. Genotyping of F. tularensis using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis on PCR-positive ticks yielded 13 different haplotypes, the vast majority of which was one dominant haplotype. Positive ticks collected in the cluster were 3.4 times (relative risk = 3.4, P<0.0001) more likely to have an uncommon haplotype than those collected elsewhere from the transect. We conclude that we have identified a microfocus where the agent of tularemia stably perpetuates and that this area is where genetic diversity is generated.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Arachnids</subject><subject>Biological diversity</subject><subject>Bird migration</subject><subject>Causes of</subject><subject>Chi-Square Distribution</subject><subject>Cluster Analysis</subject><subject>Colleges & universities</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>Dermacentor - microbiology</subject><subject>Distribution</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Ecology/Environmental Microbiology</subject><subject>Francisella tularensis</subject><subject>Francisella tularensis - genetics</subject><subject>Genetic aspects</subject><subject>Geographic Information Systems</subject><subject>Haplotypes</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Massachusetts</subject><subject>Minisatellite Repeats</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Tularemia</subject><subject>Tularemia - epidemiology</subject><issn>1553-7374</issn><issn>1553-7366</issn><issn>1553-7374</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqVkltrFDEYhgex2Fr9B6IDgtiLXXOYJJMboVRbF0oFD9chxzXrzGSbZBb77824o3bBG8lFwpfne5O8eavqGQRLiBl8swljHGS33G5lXkIAAIb8QXUCCcELhlnz8N76uHqc0gaABmJIH1XHkKOGNZicVOomDFEOJvS18SlHr8bsw1AHV--sziHW2evvqX79zsZeajtMpZ2MXirf-XRW-8EVzppa3dWXRUn7ZLtO1nnsZLRD8ulJdeRkl-zTeT6tvl6-_3LxYXH98Wp1cX690JSzvCAAM6kUdERLxRmgxCpCG07aljmIkOTcWOUw18ggTTW0TjtDnOaybVtC8Wn1Yq-77UISsz1JQNRyQFqKUSFWe8IEuRHb6HsZ70SQXvwqhLgWMpb3dlYAo41xTAFGYQM0Vk5JCLAFHLfONqpovZ1PG1VvzeRMlN2B6OHO4L-JddgJRBtEOCsCr2aBGG5Hm7LofdKTd4MNYxKUctpSCgr4cg-uZblY8TsUPT3B4hxygihDGBdq-Q-qDGN7r8NgnS_1g4azg4bCZPsjr-WYklh9_vQf7M0h2-xZHUNK0bo_nkAgpuT-_hoxJVfMyS1tz-_7-bdpjir-CVfR7JE</recordid><startdate>20090201</startdate><enddate>20090201</enddate><creator>Goethert, Heidi K</creator><creator>Telford, 3rd, Sam R</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISN</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090201</creationdate><title>Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis</title><author>Goethert, Heidi K ; Telford, 3rd, Sam R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c697t-5037abb1f5cab97065eb56495887f122a99debf39c2d2c6c1efcfd5fc9a888563</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Arachnids</topic><topic>Biological diversity</topic><topic>Bird migration</topic><topic>Causes of</topic><topic>Chi-Square Distribution</topic><topic>Cluster Analysis</topic><topic>Colleges & universities</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>Dermacentor - microbiology</topic><topic>Distribution</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>Ecology/Environmental Microbiology</topic><topic>Francisella tularensis</topic><topic>Francisella tularensis - genetics</topic><topic>Genetic aspects</topic><topic>Geographic Information Systems</topic><topic>Haplotypes</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Massachusetts</topic><topic>Minisatellite Repeats</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Tularemia</topic><topic>Tularemia - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Goethert, Heidi K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Telford, 3rd, Sam R</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Canada</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS pathogens</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Goethert, Heidi K</au><au>Telford, 3rd, Sam R</au><au>Ribeiro, José M. C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis</atitle><jtitle>PLoS pathogens</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Pathog</addtitle><date>2009-02-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e1000319</spage><epage>e1000319</epage><pages>e1000319-e1000319</pages><issn>1553-7374</issn><issn>1553-7366</issn><eissn>1553-7374</eissn><abstract>The island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, is the site of a sustained outbreak of tularemia due to Francisella tularensis tularensis. Dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, appear to be critical in the perpetuation of the agent there. Tularemia has long been characterized as an agent of natural focality, stably persisting in characteristic sites of transmission, but this suggestion has never been rigorously tested. Accordingly, we sought to identify a natural focus of transmission of the agent of tularemia by mapping the distribution of PCR-positive ticks. From 2004 to 2007, questing D. variabilis were collected from 85 individual waypoints along a 1.5 km transect in a field site on Martha's Vineyard. The positions of PCR-positive ticks were then mapped using ArcGIS. Cluster analysis identified an area approximately 290 meters in diameter, 9 waypoints, that was significantly more likely to yield PCR-positive ticks (relative risk 3.3, P = 0.001) than the rest of the field site. Genotyping of F. tularensis using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis on PCR-positive ticks yielded 13 different haplotypes, the vast majority of which was one dominant haplotype. Positive ticks collected in the cluster were 3.4 times (relative risk = 3.4, P<0.0001) more likely to have an uncommon haplotype than those collected elsewhere from the transect. We conclude that we have identified a microfocus where the agent of tularemia stably perpetuates and that this area is where genetic diversity is generated.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>19247435</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.ppat.1000319</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Arachnids Biological diversity Bird migration Causes of Chi-Square Distribution Cluster Analysis Colleges & universities Confidence intervals Deoxyribonucleic acid Dermacentor - microbiology Distribution DNA Ecology/Environmental Microbiology Francisella tularensis Francisella tularensis - genetics Genetic aspects Geographic Information Systems Haplotypes Infections Massachusetts Minisatellite Repeats Physiological aspects Polymerase Chain Reaction Prevalence Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases Software Tularemia Tularemia - epidemiology |
| title | Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis |
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