Wolbachia induces density-dependent inhibition to dengue virus in mosquito cells
Wolbachia is a maternal transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species. The ability of Wolbachia to both induce viral interference and spread into mosquito vector population makes it possible to develop Wolbachia as a biological control agent for dengue c...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2012-07, Vol.6 (7), p.e1754-e1754 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | e1754 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 7 |
| container_start_page | e1754 |
| container_title | PLoS neglected tropical diseases |
| container_volume | 6 |
| creator | Lu, Peng Bian, Guowu Pan, Xiaoling Xi, Zhiyong |
| description | Wolbachia is a maternal transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species. The ability of Wolbachia to both induce viral interference and spread into mosquito vector population makes it possible to develop Wolbachia as a biological control agent for dengue control. While Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in the transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, a similar effect was not observed in Aedes albopictus, which naturally carries Wolbachia infection but still serves as a dengue vector. In order to understand the mechanism of this lack of Wolbachia-mediated viral interference, we used both Ae. albopictus cell line (Aa23) and mosquitoes to characterize the impact of Wolbachia on dengue infection. A serial of sub-lethal doses of antibiotic treatment was used to partially remove Wolbachia in Aa23 cells and generate cell cultures with Wolbachia at different densities. We show that there is a strong negative linear correlation between the genome copy of Wolbachia and dengue virus with a dengue infection completely removed when Wolbacha density reaches a certain level. We then compared Wolbachia density between transinfected Ae. aegypti and naturally infected Ae. albopictus. The results show that Wolbachia density in midgut, fatbody and salivary gland of Ae. albopictus is 80-, 18-, and 24-fold less than that of Ae. aegypti, respectively. We provide evidence that Wolbachia density in somatic tissues of Ae. albopictus is too low to induce resistance to dengue virus. Our results will aid in understanding the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated pathogen interference and developing novel methods to block disease transmission by mosquitoes carrying native Wolbachia infections. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001754 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_plos_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_plos_journals_1288106721</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A304307667</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_e63bb656da304862b9ee3504e9c64361</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A304307667</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c723t-50535047ce88547e6c7263ed306c2a87962733f7ff6795750f278db7bbaf940c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFUt9r1TAYLaK4Of0PRC8I4kuvSfOzL8IYTgcDfVB8DGny9TaXNrlL2sH-e9PdbtwrA-lDm--c7_TkcIriLUZrTAT-vA1T9Lpf7_xo1wghLBh9VpzimrCyEoQ9P_g-KV6ltEWI1Uzil8VJVUkqhaCnxc8_oW-06ZxeOW8nA2llwSc33pUWduDzYcxI5xo3uuBXY5jxzQSrWxenlKHVENLN5DJgoO_T6-JFq_sEb5b3WfH78uuvi-_l9Y9vVxfn16URFRlLhhhhiAoDUjIqgOcxJ2AJ4qbSUtQ8-yataFsuaiYYaishbSOaRrc1RYacFe_3urs-JLWEkRSupMSIiwpnxtWeYYPeql10g453Kmin7gchbpSOozM9KOCkaTjjVhNEJa-aGmC2B7XhlPBZ68vyt6kZwJqcStT9kegx4l2nNuFWEYooxiQLfFoEYriZII1qcGkOTHsI0-y7xhwxLuj_qYig7I1Rmakf_qE-HcTC2uh8V-fbkC2aWVSd5_sSJDgXmbV-gpUfC4MzwUPr8vxo4ePBQge6H7sU-mnuSTom0j3RxJBShPYxN4zU3OUH12ruslq6nNfeHWb-uPRQXvIX01Dumw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1288106721</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Wolbachia induces density-dependent inhibition to dengue virus in mosquito cells</title><source>Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Lu, Peng ; Bian, Guowu ; Pan, Xiaoling ; Xi, Zhiyong</creator><creatorcontrib>Lu, Peng ; Bian, Guowu ; Pan, Xiaoling ; Xi, Zhiyong</creatorcontrib><description>Wolbachia is a maternal transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species. The ability of Wolbachia to both induce viral interference and spread into mosquito vector population makes it possible to develop Wolbachia as a biological control agent for dengue control. While Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in the transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, a similar effect was not observed in Aedes albopictus, which naturally carries Wolbachia infection but still serves as a dengue vector. In order to understand the mechanism of this lack of Wolbachia-mediated viral interference, we used both Ae. albopictus cell line (Aa23) and mosquitoes to characterize the impact of Wolbachia on dengue infection. A serial of sub-lethal doses of antibiotic treatment was used to partially remove Wolbachia in Aa23 cells and generate cell cultures with Wolbachia at different densities. We show that there is a strong negative linear correlation between the genome copy of Wolbachia and dengue virus with a dengue infection completely removed when Wolbacha density reaches a certain level. We then compared Wolbachia density between transinfected Ae. aegypti and naturally infected Ae. albopictus. The results show that Wolbachia density in midgut, fatbody and salivary gland of Ae. albopictus is 80-, 18-, and 24-fold less than that of Ae. aegypti, respectively. We provide evidence that Wolbachia density in somatic tissues of Ae. albopictus is too low to induce resistance to dengue virus. Our results will aid in understanding the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated pathogen interference and developing novel methods to block disease transmission by mosquitoes carrying native Wolbachia infections.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001754</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22848774</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aedes - microbiology ; Aedes - virology ; Aedes aegypti ; Aedes albopictus ; Animal Structures - microbiology ; Animals ; Antibiosis ; Arbovirus ; Bacterial Load ; Biology ; Cell Line ; Cell physiology ; Dengue fever ; Dengue virus ; Dengue Virus - growth & development ; Dengue viruses ; Genomes ; Health aspects ; Infections ; Infectious diseases ; Insects ; Mosquitoes ; Pathogens ; Physiological aspects ; Tropical diseases ; Vaccines ; Wolbachia ; Wolbachia - growth & development</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2012-07, Vol.6 (7), p.e1754-e1754</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2012 Lu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Lu P, Bian G, Pan X, Xi Z (2012) Wolbachia Induces Density-Dependent Inhibition to Dengue Virus in Mosquito Cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(7): e1754. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001754</rights><rights>Lu et al. 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c723t-50535047ce88547e6c7263ed306c2a87962733f7ff6795750f278db7bbaf940c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c723t-50535047ce88547e6c7263ed306c2a87962733f7ff6795750f278db7bbaf940c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404113/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404113/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848774$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lu, Peng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bian, Guowu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pan, Xiaoling</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xi, Zhiyong</creatorcontrib><title>Wolbachia induces density-dependent inhibition to dengue virus in mosquito cells</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><description>Wolbachia is a maternal transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species. The ability of Wolbachia to both induce viral interference and spread into mosquito vector population makes it possible to develop Wolbachia as a biological control agent for dengue control. While Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in the transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, a similar effect was not observed in Aedes albopictus, which naturally carries Wolbachia infection but still serves as a dengue vector. In order to understand the mechanism of this lack of Wolbachia-mediated viral interference, we used both Ae. albopictus cell line (Aa23) and mosquitoes to characterize the impact of Wolbachia on dengue infection. A serial of sub-lethal doses of antibiotic treatment was used to partially remove Wolbachia in Aa23 cells and generate cell cultures with Wolbachia at different densities. We show that there is a strong negative linear correlation between the genome copy of Wolbachia and dengue virus with a dengue infection completely removed when Wolbacha density reaches a certain level. We then compared Wolbachia density between transinfected Ae. aegypti and naturally infected Ae. albopictus. The results show that Wolbachia density in midgut, fatbody and salivary gland of Ae. albopictus is 80-, 18-, and 24-fold less than that of Ae. aegypti, respectively. We provide evidence that Wolbachia density in somatic tissues of Ae. albopictus is too low to induce resistance to dengue virus. Our results will aid in understanding the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated pathogen interference and developing novel methods to block disease transmission by mosquitoes carrying native Wolbachia infections.</description><subject>Aedes - microbiology</subject><subject>Aedes - virology</subject><subject>Aedes aegypti</subject><subject>Aedes albopictus</subject><subject>Animal Structures - microbiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibiosis</subject><subject>Arbovirus</subject><subject>Bacterial Load</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Cell Line</subject><subject>Cell physiology</subject><subject>Dengue fever</subject><subject>Dengue virus</subject><subject>Dengue Virus - growth & development</subject><subject>Dengue viruses</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Mosquitoes</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Wolbachia</subject><subject>Wolbachia - growth & development</subject><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><issn>1935-2735</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUt9r1TAYLaK4Of0PRC8I4kuvSfOzL8IYTgcDfVB8DGny9TaXNrlL2sH-e9PdbtwrA-lDm--c7_TkcIriLUZrTAT-vA1T9Lpf7_xo1wghLBh9VpzimrCyEoQ9P_g-KV6ltEWI1Uzil8VJVUkqhaCnxc8_oW-06ZxeOW8nA2llwSc33pUWduDzYcxI5xo3uuBXY5jxzQSrWxenlKHVENLN5DJgoO_T6-JFq_sEb5b3WfH78uuvi-_l9Y9vVxfn16URFRlLhhhhiAoDUjIqgOcxJ2AJ4qbSUtQ8-yataFsuaiYYaishbSOaRrc1RYacFe_3urs-JLWEkRSupMSIiwpnxtWeYYPeql10g453Kmin7gchbpSOozM9KOCkaTjjVhNEJa-aGmC2B7XhlPBZ68vyt6kZwJqcStT9kegx4l2nNuFWEYooxiQLfFoEYriZII1qcGkOTHsI0-y7xhwxLuj_qYig7I1Rmakf_qE-HcTC2uh8V-fbkC2aWVSd5_sSJDgXmbV-gpUfC4MzwUPr8vxo4ePBQge6H7sU-mnuSTom0j3RxJBShPYxN4zU3OUH12ruslq6nNfeHWb-uPRQXvIX01Dumw</recordid><startdate>20120701</startdate><enddate>20120701</enddate><creator>Lu, Peng</creator><creator>Bian, Guowu</creator><creator>Pan, Xiaoling</creator><creator>Xi, Zhiyong</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120701</creationdate><title>Wolbachia induces density-dependent inhibition to dengue virus in mosquito cells</title><author>Lu, Peng ; Bian, Guowu ; Pan, Xiaoling ; Xi, Zhiyong</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c723t-50535047ce88547e6c7263ed306c2a87962733f7ff6795750f278db7bbaf940c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Aedes - microbiology</topic><topic>Aedes - virology</topic><topic>Aedes aegypti</topic><topic>Aedes albopictus</topic><topic>Animal Structures - microbiology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibiosis</topic><topic>Arbovirus</topic><topic>Bacterial Load</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Cell Line</topic><topic>Cell physiology</topic><topic>Dengue fever</topic><topic>Dengue virus</topic><topic>Dengue Virus - growth & development</topic><topic>Dengue viruses</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Insects</topic><topic>Mosquitoes</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Tropical diseases</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><topic>Wolbachia</topic><topic>Wolbachia - growth & development</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lu, Peng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bian, Guowu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pan, Xiaoling</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xi, Zhiyong</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lu, Peng</au><au>Bian, Guowu</au><au>Pan, Xiaoling</au><au>Xi, Zhiyong</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Wolbachia induces density-dependent inhibition to dengue virus in mosquito cells</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><date>2012-07-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>6</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e1754</spage><epage>e1754</epage><pages>e1754-e1754</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>Wolbachia is a maternal transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species. The ability of Wolbachia to both induce viral interference and spread into mosquito vector population makes it possible to develop Wolbachia as a biological control agent for dengue control. While Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in the transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, a similar effect was not observed in Aedes albopictus, which naturally carries Wolbachia infection but still serves as a dengue vector. In order to understand the mechanism of this lack of Wolbachia-mediated viral interference, we used both Ae. albopictus cell line (Aa23) and mosquitoes to characterize the impact of Wolbachia on dengue infection. A serial of sub-lethal doses of antibiotic treatment was used to partially remove Wolbachia in Aa23 cells and generate cell cultures with Wolbachia at different densities. We show that there is a strong negative linear correlation between the genome copy of Wolbachia and dengue virus with a dengue infection completely removed when Wolbacha density reaches a certain level. We then compared Wolbachia density between transinfected Ae. aegypti and naturally infected Ae. albopictus. The results show that Wolbachia density in midgut, fatbody and salivary gland of Ae. albopictus is 80-, 18-, and 24-fold less than that of Ae. aegypti, respectively. We provide evidence that Wolbachia density in somatic tissues of Ae. albopictus is too low to induce resistance to dengue virus. Our results will aid in understanding the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated pathogen interference and developing novel methods to block disease transmission by mosquitoes carrying native Wolbachia infections.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>22848774</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0001754</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1935-2735 |
| ispartof | PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2012-07, Vol.6 (7), p.e1754-e1754 |
| issn | 1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1288106721 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Aedes - microbiology Aedes - virology Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus Animal Structures - microbiology Animals Antibiosis Arbovirus Bacterial Load Biology Cell Line Cell physiology Dengue fever Dengue virus Dengue Virus - growth & development Dengue viruses Genomes Health aspects Infections Infectious diseases Insects Mosquitoes Pathogens Physiological aspects Tropical diseases Vaccines Wolbachia Wolbachia - growth & development |
| title | Wolbachia induces density-dependent inhibition to dengue virus in mosquito cells |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-07T03%3A39%3A38IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wolbachia%20induces%20density-dependent%20inhibition%20to%20dengue%20virus%20in%20mosquito%20cells&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20neglected%20tropical%20diseases&rft.au=Lu,%20Peng&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=e1754&rft.epage=e1754&rft.pages=e1754-e1754&rft.issn=1935-2735&rft.eissn=1935-2735&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001754&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA304307667%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1288106721&rft_id=info:pmid/22848774&rft_galeid=A304307667&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_e63bb656da304862b9ee3504e9c64361&rfr_iscdi=true |