Worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009: estimates, time trends, and a critique of methods
Measuring progress towards Millennium Development Goal 6, including estimates of, and time trends in, the number of malaria cases, has relied on risk maps constructed from surveys of parasite prevalence, and on routine case reports compiled by health ministries. Here we present a critique of both me...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS medicine 2011-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e1001142-e1001142 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | e1001142 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 12 |
| container_start_page | e1001142 |
| container_title | PLoS medicine |
| container_volume | 8 |
| creator | Cibulskis, Richard E Aregawi, Maru Williams, Ryan Otten, Mac Dye, Christopher |
| description | Measuring progress towards Millennium Development Goal 6, including estimates of, and time trends in, the number of malaria cases, has relied on risk maps constructed from surveys of parasite prevalence, and on routine case reports compiled by health ministries. Here we present a critique of both methods, illustrated with national incidence estimates for 2009.
We compiled information on the number of cases reported by National Malaria Control Programs in 99 countries with ongoing malaria transmission. For 71 countries we estimated the total incidence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax by adjusting the number of reported cases using data on reporting completeness, the proportion of suspects that are parasite-positive, the proportion of confirmed cases due to each Plasmodium species, and the extent to which patients use public sector health facilities. All four factors varied markedly among countries and regions. For 28 African countries with less reliable routine surveillance data, we estimated the number of cases from model-based methods that link measures of malaria transmission with case incidence. In 2009, 98% of cases were due to P. falciparum in Africa and 65% in other regions. There were an estimated 225 million malaria cases (5th-95th centiles, 146-316 million) worldwide, 176 (110-248) million in the African region, and 49 (36-68) million elsewhere. Our estimates are lower than other published figures, especially survey-based estimates for non-African countries.
Estimates of malaria incidence derived from routine surveillance data were typically lower than those derived from surveys of parasite prevalence. Carefully interpreted surveillance data can be used to monitor malaria trends in response to control efforts, and to highlight areas where malaria programs and health information systems need to be strengthened. As malaria incidence declines around the world, evaluation of control efforts will increasingly rely on robust systems of routine surveillance. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001142 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_plos_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_plos_journals_1288092404</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A276438168</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_09357b4d2fc14d8c846dbff7a916b8a7</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A276438168</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c763t-b99cd5c40bc95fc112498b86423130edb309cd69c61ab5aa705551b7f654bcaf3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqVk1uL1DAUx4so7rr6DUQLgiI4Y25NEx-EZfEysLjgFZ9CmqQzWTLJmKRevr0Zp7tMZR6UPiQ5_f3_OTmHU1X3IZhD3MLnl2GIXrr5Zm30HAIAIUE3qmPYED6DtKU39_ZH1Z2ULgFAHHBwuzpCCIGGMXxcff0SotM_rDa19aosXpk69PVaOhmtLMEaAcBf1CZlu5bZpGd12Zg6R-N1OUiva1mraLP9NuykJq-CTnerW710ydwb15Pq0-tXH8_ezs4v3izOTs9nqqU4zzrOlW4UAZ3iTa8gRISzjlGCMMTA6A6DAlCuKJRdI2ULmqaBXdvThnRK9vikerjz3biQxFiVJCBiDHBEACnEYkfoIC_FJpZ3xF8iSCv-BEJcChmzVc4IwHHTdkSjkgnRTDFCddf3reSQdky2xevleNvQlcIr43OUbmI6_ePtSizDd4ERwS2CxeDJaBBDKVjKYm2TMs5Jb8KQBIcYQ1a6WchHf5GHHzdSS1nyt74P5Vq19RSnqKUEM0hZoWYHqKXxpuQYvOltCU_4-QG-fNqsrTooeDoRFCabn3kph5TE4sP7_2Df_Tt78XnKPt5jV0a6vErBDdkGn6Yg2YEqhpSi6a_7B4HYDtdVpcV2uMQ4XEX2YL_316KracK_AR2KG_Y</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1288092404</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009: estimates, time trends, and a critique of methods</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Cibulskis, Richard E ; Aregawi, Maru ; Williams, Ryan ; Otten, Mac ; Dye, Christopher</creator><contributor>Mueller, Ivo</contributor><creatorcontrib>Cibulskis, Richard E ; Aregawi, Maru ; Williams, Ryan ; Otten, Mac ; Dye, Christopher ; Mueller, Ivo</creatorcontrib><description>Measuring progress towards Millennium Development Goal 6, including estimates of, and time trends in, the number of malaria cases, has relied on risk maps constructed from surveys of parasite prevalence, and on routine case reports compiled by health ministries. Here we present a critique of both methods, illustrated with national incidence estimates for 2009.
We compiled information on the number of cases reported by National Malaria Control Programs in 99 countries with ongoing malaria transmission. For 71 countries we estimated the total incidence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax by adjusting the number of reported cases using data on reporting completeness, the proportion of suspects that are parasite-positive, the proportion of confirmed cases due to each Plasmodium species, and the extent to which patients use public sector health facilities. All four factors varied markedly among countries and regions. For 28 African countries with less reliable routine surveillance data, we estimated the number of cases from model-based methods that link measures of malaria transmission with case incidence. In 2009, 98% of cases were due to P. falciparum in Africa and 65% in other regions. There were an estimated 225 million malaria cases (5th-95th centiles, 146-316 million) worldwide, 176 (110-248) million in the African region, and 49 (36-68) million elsewhere. Our estimates are lower than other published figures, especially survey-based estimates for non-African countries.
Estimates of malaria incidence derived from routine surveillance data were typically lower than those derived from surveys of parasite prevalence. Carefully interpreted surveillance data can be used to monitor malaria trends in response to control efforts, and to highlight areas where malaria programs and health information systems need to be strengthened. As malaria incidence declines around the world, evaluation of control efforts will increasingly rely on robust systems of routine surveillance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1549-1676</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1549-1277</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1549-1676</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001142</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22205883</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Africa - epidemiology ; Asia, Southeastern - epidemiology ; Control ; Development and progression ; Disease transmission ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Epidemiology ; Estimates ; Health aspects ; Health Services - utilization ; Humans ; Malaria ; Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum - prevention & control ; Malaria, Falciparum - transmission ; Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology ; Malaria, Vivax - prevention & control ; Malaria, Vivax - transmission ; Medicine ; Mediterranean Region - epidemiology ; Methods ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Plasmodium vivax ; Population Surveillance - methods ; Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) ; Studies</subject><ispartof>PLoS medicine, 2011-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e1001142-e1001142</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2011 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2011 Cibulskis et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Cibulskis RE, Aregawi M, Williams R, Otten M, Dye C (2011) Worldwide Incidence of Malaria in 2009: Estimates, Time Trends, and a Critique of Methods. PLoS Med 8(12): e1001142. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001142</rights><rights>Cibulskis et al. 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c763t-b99cd5c40bc95fc112498b86423130edb309cd69c61ab5aa705551b7f654bcaf3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c763t-b99cd5c40bc95fc112498b86423130edb309cd69c61ab5aa705551b7f654bcaf3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243721/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243721/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205883$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Mueller, Ivo</contributor><creatorcontrib>Cibulskis, Richard E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aregawi, Maru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Williams, Ryan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otten, Mac</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dye, Christopher</creatorcontrib><title>Worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009: estimates, time trends, and a critique of methods</title><title>PLoS medicine</title><addtitle>PLoS Med</addtitle><description>Measuring progress towards Millennium Development Goal 6, including estimates of, and time trends in, the number of malaria cases, has relied on risk maps constructed from surveys of parasite prevalence, and on routine case reports compiled by health ministries. Here we present a critique of both methods, illustrated with national incidence estimates for 2009.
We compiled information on the number of cases reported by National Malaria Control Programs in 99 countries with ongoing malaria transmission. For 71 countries we estimated the total incidence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax by adjusting the number of reported cases using data on reporting completeness, the proportion of suspects that are parasite-positive, the proportion of confirmed cases due to each Plasmodium species, and the extent to which patients use public sector health facilities. All four factors varied markedly among countries and regions. For 28 African countries with less reliable routine surveillance data, we estimated the number of cases from model-based methods that link measures of malaria transmission with case incidence. In 2009, 98% of cases were due to P. falciparum in Africa and 65% in other regions. There were an estimated 225 million malaria cases (5th-95th centiles, 146-316 million) worldwide, 176 (110-248) million in the African region, and 49 (36-68) million elsewhere. Our estimates are lower than other published figures, especially survey-based estimates for non-African countries.
Estimates of malaria incidence derived from routine surveillance data were typically lower than those derived from surveys of parasite prevalence. Carefully interpreted surveillance data can be used to monitor malaria trends in response to control efforts, and to highlight areas where malaria programs and health information systems need to be strengthened. As malaria incidence declines around the world, evaluation of control efforts will increasingly rely on robust systems of routine surveillance.</description><subject>Africa - epidemiology</subject><subject>Asia, Southeastern - epidemiology</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Epidemiologic Methods</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Estimates</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health Services - utilization</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology</subject><subject>Malaria, Falciparum - prevention & control</subject><subject>Malaria, Falciparum - transmission</subject><subject>Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology</subject><subject>Malaria, Vivax - prevention & control</subject><subject>Malaria, Vivax - transmission</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Mediterranean Region - epidemiology</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Plasmodium falciparum</subject><subject>Plasmodium vivax</subject><subject>Population Surveillance - methods</subject><subject>Prevalence studies (Epidemiology)</subject><subject>Studies</subject><issn>1549-1676</issn><issn>1549-1277</issn><issn>1549-1676</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqVk1uL1DAUx4so7rr6DUQLgiI4Y25NEx-EZfEysLjgFZ9CmqQzWTLJmKRevr0Zp7tMZR6UPiQ5_f3_OTmHU1X3IZhD3MLnl2GIXrr5Zm30HAIAIUE3qmPYED6DtKU39_ZH1Z2ULgFAHHBwuzpCCIGGMXxcff0SotM_rDa19aosXpk69PVaOhmtLMEaAcBf1CZlu5bZpGd12Zg6R-N1OUiva1mraLP9NuykJq-CTnerW710ydwb15Pq0-tXH8_ezs4v3izOTs9nqqU4zzrOlW4UAZ3iTa8gRISzjlGCMMTA6A6DAlCuKJRdI2ULmqaBXdvThnRK9vikerjz3biQxFiVJCBiDHBEACnEYkfoIC_FJpZ3xF8iSCv-BEJcChmzVc4IwHHTdkSjkgnRTDFCddf3reSQdky2xevleNvQlcIr43OUbmI6_ePtSizDd4ERwS2CxeDJaBBDKVjKYm2TMs5Jb8KQBIcYQ1a6WchHf5GHHzdSS1nyt74P5Vq19RSnqKUEM0hZoWYHqKXxpuQYvOltCU_4-QG-fNqsrTooeDoRFCabn3kph5TE4sP7_2Df_Tt78XnKPt5jV0a6vErBDdkGn6Yg2YEqhpSi6a_7B4HYDtdVpcV2uMQ4XEX2YL_316KracK_AR2KG_Y</recordid><startdate>20111201</startdate><enddate>20111201</enddate><creator>Cibulskis, Richard E</creator><creator>Aregawi, Maru</creator><creator>Williams, Ryan</creator><creator>Otten, Mac</creator><creator>Dye, Christopher</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISN</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><scope>CZK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20111201</creationdate><title>Worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009: estimates, time trends, and a critique of methods</title><author>Cibulskis, Richard E ; Aregawi, Maru ; Williams, Ryan ; Otten, Mac ; Dye, Christopher</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c763t-b99cd5c40bc95fc112498b86423130edb309cd69c61ab5aa705551b7f654bcaf3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Africa - epidemiology</topic><topic>Asia, Southeastern - epidemiology</topic><topic>Control</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Disease transmission</topic><topic>Epidemiologic Methods</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Estimates</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health Services - utilization</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Malaria</topic><topic>Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology</topic><topic>Malaria, Falciparum - prevention & control</topic><topic>Malaria, Falciparum - transmission</topic><topic>Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology</topic><topic>Malaria, Vivax - prevention & control</topic><topic>Malaria, Vivax - transmission</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Mediterranean Region - epidemiology</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Plasmodium falciparum</topic><topic>Plasmodium vivax</topic><topic>Population Surveillance - methods</topic><topic>Prevalence studies (Epidemiology)</topic><topic>Studies</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cibulskis, Richard E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aregawi, Maru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Williams, Ryan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otten, Mac</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dye, Christopher</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Canada</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><collection>PLoS Medicine</collection><jtitle>PLoS medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cibulskis, Richard E</au><au>Aregawi, Maru</au><au>Williams, Ryan</au><au>Otten, Mac</au><au>Dye, Christopher</au><au>Mueller, Ivo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009: estimates, time trends, and a critique of methods</atitle><jtitle>PLoS medicine</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Med</addtitle><date>2011-12-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>e1001142</spage><epage>e1001142</epage><pages>e1001142-e1001142</pages><issn>1549-1676</issn><issn>1549-1277</issn><eissn>1549-1676</eissn><abstract>Measuring progress towards Millennium Development Goal 6, including estimates of, and time trends in, the number of malaria cases, has relied on risk maps constructed from surveys of parasite prevalence, and on routine case reports compiled by health ministries. Here we present a critique of both methods, illustrated with national incidence estimates for 2009.
We compiled information on the number of cases reported by National Malaria Control Programs in 99 countries with ongoing malaria transmission. For 71 countries we estimated the total incidence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax by adjusting the number of reported cases using data on reporting completeness, the proportion of suspects that are parasite-positive, the proportion of confirmed cases due to each Plasmodium species, and the extent to which patients use public sector health facilities. All four factors varied markedly among countries and regions. For 28 African countries with less reliable routine surveillance data, we estimated the number of cases from model-based methods that link measures of malaria transmission with case incidence. In 2009, 98% of cases were due to P. falciparum in Africa and 65% in other regions. There were an estimated 225 million malaria cases (5th-95th centiles, 146-316 million) worldwide, 176 (110-248) million in the African region, and 49 (36-68) million elsewhere. Our estimates are lower than other published figures, especially survey-based estimates for non-African countries.
Estimates of malaria incidence derived from routine surveillance data were typically lower than those derived from surveys of parasite prevalence. Carefully interpreted surveillance data can be used to monitor malaria trends in response to control efforts, and to highlight areas where malaria programs and health information systems need to be strengthened. As malaria incidence declines around the world, evaluation of control efforts will increasingly rely on robust systems of routine surveillance.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>22205883</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pmed.1001142</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1549-1676 |
| ispartof | PLoS medicine, 2011-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e1001142-e1001142 |
| issn | 1549-1676 1549-1277 1549-1676 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1288092404 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Africa - epidemiology Asia, Southeastern - epidemiology Control Development and progression Disease transmission Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Estimates Health aspects Health Services - utilization Humans Malaria Malaria, Falciparum - epidemiology Malaria, Falciparum - prevention & control Malaria, Falciparum - transmission Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology Malaria, Vivax - prevention & control Malaria, Vivax - transmission Medicine Mediterranean Region - epidemiology Methods Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Population Surveillance - methods Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) Studies |
| title | Worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009: estimates, time trends, and a critique of methods |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T19%3A13%3A18IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Worldwide%20incidence%20of%20malaria%20in%202009:%20estimates,%20time%20trends,%20and%20a%20critique%20of%20methods&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20medicine&rft.au=Cibulskis,%20Richard%20E&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=e1001142&rft.epage=e1001142&rft.pages=e1001142-e1001142&rft.issn=1549-1676&rft.eissn=1549-1676&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001142&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA276438168%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1288092404&rft_id=info:pmid/22205883&rft_galeid=A276438168&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_09357b4d2fc14d8c846dbff7a916b8a7&rfr_iscdi=true |