Comparison of chromium coatings and electrochemical behaviour with direct current and pulse current deposition in trivalent chromium formate urea bath as alternative to conventional Cr coatings
Alternative process to hexavalent chromium (Cr) plating, substitute materials and new designs are urgently needed owing to the requirement of 'clean' manufacture. Trivalent Cr coatings with thickness of 29·7 μm, Hardness (HV 1131) and acceptable quality that can be used for wear resistance...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Surface engineering 2011-09, Vol.27 (10), p.775-783 |
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| creator | Mohan, S Saravanan, G Renganathan, N G |
| description | Alternative process to hexavalent chromium (Cr) plating, substitute materials and new designs are urgently needed owing to the requirement of 'clean' manufacture. Trivalent Cr coatings with thickness of 29·7 μm, Hardness (HV 1131) and acceptable quality that can be used for wear resistance as well as corrosion resistance purposes were produced successfully in the present work. The results show that the coatings exhibited crack free surface and amorphous/microcrystalline structure. The effect of direct current (DC) and pulse current (PC) on the thickness, hardness and current efficiencies were compared with DC and PC deposition. The Cr coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of Cr deposits obtained in the formate urea electrolyte is a typical nodular and fine grained structure. As regards to the electrochemical behaviour, the deposited Cr by PC and DC coatings exhibited better corrosion resistance than the mild steel. Therefore, the electroplated Cr coatings are environmentally acceptable to replace the conventional Cr coatings. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1179/174329408X326335 |
| format | Article |
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Trivalent Cr coatings with thickness of 29·7 μm, Hardness (HV 1131) and acceptable quality that can be used for wear resistance as well as corrosion resistance purposes were produced successfully in the present work. The results show that the coatings exhibited crack free surface and amorphous/microcrystalline structure. The effect of direct current (DC) and pulse current (PC) on the thickness, hardness and current efficiencies were compared with DC and PC deposition. The Cr coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of Cr deposits obtained in the formate urea electrolyte is a typical nodular and fine grained structure. As regards to the electrochemical behaviour, the deposited Cr by PC and DC coatings exhibited better corrosion resistance than the mild steel. Therefore, the electroplated Cr coatings are environmentally acceptable to replace the conventional Cr coatings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0267-0844</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1743-2944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1179/174329408X326335</identifier><identifier>CODEN: SUENET</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London, England: Taylor & Francis</publisher><subject>Amorphous/microcrystalline ; Applied sciences ; Average current ; Chromium ; Coatings ; Corrosion ; Corrosion environments ; Deposition ; Direct current ; Duty cycle ; Exact sciences and technology ; Formate ; Formates ; Metallic coatings ; Metals. Metallurgy ; Off-time ; On-time ; Polycarbonates ; Production techniques ; Protective coatings ; Pulse current ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Surface treatment ; Trivalent Cr bath ; Urea</subject><ispartof>Surface engineering, 2011-09, Vol.27 (10), p.775-783</ispartof><rights>2011 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Published by Maney on behalf of the Institute 2011</rights><rights>2011 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Published by Maney on behalf of the Institute</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-297999d505b11e0de8988e36a250198690317705584c171a63db85ee4b9b4343</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-297999d505b11e0de8988e36a250198690317705584c171a63db85ee4b9b4343</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/174329408X326335$$EPDF$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1179/174329408X326335$$EHTML$$P50$$Gsage$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>309,310,314,780,784,789,790,21810,23921,23922,25131,27915,27916,43612,43613</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25313349$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mohan, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saravanan, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Renganathan, N G</creatorcontrib><title>Comparison of chromium coatings and electrochemical behaviour with direct current and pulse current deposition in trivalent chromium formate urea bath as alternative to conventional Cr coatings</title><title>Surface engineering</title><description>Alternative process to hexavalent chromium (Cr) plating, substitute materials and new designs are urgently needed owing to the requirement of 'clean' manufacture. Trivalent Cr coatings with thickness of 29·7 μm, Hardness (HV 1131) and acceptable quality that can be used for wear resistance as well as corrosion resistance purposes were produced successfully in the present work. The results show that the coatings exhibited crack free surface and amorphous/microcrystalline structure. The effect of direct current (DC) and pulse current (PC) on the thickness, hardness and current efficiencies were compared with DC and PC deposition. The Cr coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of Cr deposits obtained in the formate urea electrolyte is a typical nodular and fine grained structure. As regards to the electrochemical behaviour, the deposited Cr by PC and DC coatings exhibited better corrosion resistance than the mild steel. Therefore, the electroplated Cr coatings are environmentally acceptable to replace the conventional Cr coatings.</description><subject>Amorphous/microcrystalline</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Average current</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Coatings</subject><subject>Corrosion</subject><subject>Corrosion environments</subject><subject>Deposition</subject><subject>Direct current</subject><subject>Duty cycle</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Formate</subject><subject>Formates</subject><subject>Metallic coatings</subject><subject>Metals. Metallurgy</subject><subject>Off-time</subject><subject>On-time</subject><subject>Polycarbonates</subject><subject>Production techniques</subject><subject>Protective coatings</subject><subject>Pulse current</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Surface treatment</subject><subject>Trivalent Cr bath</subject><subject>Urea</subject><issn>0267-0844</issn><issn>1743-2944</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9UU1v1DAQjRBIXQr3Hn1B4pJix05iixNaQalUiUsP3CLHmXRdJXYYO1v15_HPOtste0CCk6Xn96U3RXEh-KUQrfkkWiUro7j-KatGyvpVsTlAJWHqdbHhVdOWXCt1VrxN6Z7zSrS63hS_t3FeLPoUA4sjczuMs19n5qLNPtwlZsPAYAKXMbodzN7ZifWws3sfV2QPPu_Y4JH-mVsRIeRnxbJOCU7IAEtMPnvK8IFl9Hs7HfBT2hhxthnYimBZb8nTUvKUAQPV2APLkRqFPYnIhBps8dTwXfFmtJT2_uU9L26_fb3dfi9vflxdb7_clE6aJtMOrTFmqHndCwF8AG20BtnYqubC6MZwKdqW17VWTrTCNnLodQ2getMrqeR58fFou2D8tULK3eyTg2myAeKaOsEF161U5kDlR6rDmBLC2C3oZ4uPROoOx-r-PhZJPry420QLj2iD8-mkq2opJHkTrzzykr2D7p5OQGuk__l-PvJ9eN74IeI0dNk-ThH_hMh_qp8AjoK4uw</recordid><startdate>201109</startdate><enddate>201109</enddate><creator>Mohan, S</creator><creator>Saravanan, G</creator><creator>Renganathan, N G</creator><general>Taylor & Francis</general><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>Maney</general><general>Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>L7M</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201109</creationdate><title>Comparison of chromium coatings and electrochemical behaviour with direct current and pulse current deposition in trivalent chromium formate urea bath as alternative to conventional Cr coatings</title><author>Mohan, S ; Saravanan, G ; Renganathan, N G</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-297999d505b11e0de8988e36a250198690317705584c171a63db85ee4b9b4343</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Amorphous/microcrystalline</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Average current</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Coatings</topic><topic>Corrosion</topic><topic>Corrosion environments</topic><topic>Deposition</topic><topic>Direct current</topic><topic>Duty cycle</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Formate</topic><topic>Formates</topic><topic>Metallic coatings</topic><topic>Metals. Metallurgy</topic><topic>Off-time</topic><topic>On-time</topic><topic>Polycarbonates</topic><topic>Production techniques</topic><topic>Protective coatings</topic><topic>Pulse current</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Surface treatment</topic><topic>Trivalent Cr bath</topic><topic>Urea</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mohan, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saravanan, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Renganathan, N G</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Surface engineering</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mohan, S</au><au>Saravanan, G</au><au>Renganathan, N G</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comparison of chromium coatings and electrochemical behaviour with direct current and pulse current deposition in trivalent chromium formate urea bath as alternative to conventional Cr coatings</atitle><jtitle>Surface engineering</jtitle><date>2011-09</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>775</spage><epage>783</epage><pages>775-783</pages><issn>0267-0844</issn><eissn>1743-2944</eissn><coden>SUENET</coden><abstract>Alternative process to hexavalent chromium (Cr) plating, substitute materials and new designs are urgently needed owing to the requirement of 'clean' manufacture. 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| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Surface engineering, 2011-09, Vol.27 (10), p.775-783 |
| issn | 0267-0844 1743-2944 |
| language | eng |
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| source | SAGE Publications |
| subjects | Amorphous/microcrystalline Applied sciences Average current Chromium Coatings Corrosion Corrosion environments Deposition Direct current Duty cycle Exact sciences and technology Formate Formates Metallic coatings Metals. Metallurgy Off-time On-time Polycarbonates Production techniques Protective coatings Pulse current Scanning electron microscopy Surface treatment Trivalent Cr bath Urea |
| title | Comparison of chromium coatings and electrochemical behaviour with direct current and pulse current deposition in trivalent chromium formate urea bath as alternative to conventional Cr coatings |
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