Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings
Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings. N Canga , J De Irala , E Vara , M J Duaso , A Ferrer and M A Martínez-González Department of Nursing Studies, School of Nursing, University of Navarre, Pamplona, S...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Diabetes care 2000-10, Vol.23 (10), p.1455-1460 |
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| creator | CANGA, Navidad DE IRALA, Jokin VARA, Eduardo DUASO, Maria J FERRER, Asuncion MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A |
| description | Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary
care settings.
N Canga ,
J De Irala ,
E Vara ,
M J Duaso ,
A Ferrer and
M A Martínez-González
Department of Nursing Studies, School of Nursing, University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention in diabetic patients. RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial involved 280 diabetic smokers (age range 17-84 years) who were
randomized either into control (n = 133) or intervention (n = 147) groups at 12 primary care centers and 2 hospitals located
in Navarre, Spain. The intervention consisted of a 40-min nurse visit that included counseling, education, and contracting
information (a negotiated cessation date). The follow-up consisted of telephone calls, letters, and visits. The control group
received the usual care for diabetic smokers. Baseline and 6-month follow-up measurements included smoking status (self-reported
cessation was verified by urine cotinine concentrations), mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, and stage of change. RESULTS:
At the 6-month follow-up, the smoking cessation incidence was 17.0% in the intervention group compared with 2.3% in the usual
care group, which was a 14.7% difference (95% CI 8.2-21.3%). Among participants who continued smoking, a significant reduction
was evident in the average cigarette consumption at the 6-month follow-up. The mean number of cigarettes per day decreased
from 20.0 at baseline to 15.5 at 6 months for the experimental group versus from 19.7 to 18.1 for the control group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: A structured intervention managed by a single nurse was shown to be effective in changing the smoking behavior
of diabetic patients. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1455 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pasca</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pascalfrancis_primary_1510131</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>61889118</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-8680e2a4ad7eeb68446cd731c61037517288fb641f10fad5958726ac545b84673</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptkctu1TAQhi0EoocDL8ACWQixQSm-Jk53qOJSqRIbWEeO4_S4JPbB44DKC_DaTDiRKiFW9vz-_pnxDCHPOTsXUjZvh2CdzR6Dc5S40voB2fFW6kprZR6SHeOqrXTbijPyBOCWMaaUMY_JGedMSC7rHfl9FYvPP3wsIUUKZRnu6JgyhTl9C_GGOg9g_76FSLFg70tw9IgSWuCCWpptHNIcfvmBuhRLTtOE15KDnVZPn8qBuinE4FBAlh5zmG2-o2vvFHwpWAeekkejncA_2849-frh_ZfLT9X1549Xl--uK6ekLpWpDfPCKjs03ve1Uap2QyO5qzmTjeaNMGbsa8VHzkY76FabRtTWaaV7o-pG7snrU95jTt8XD6WbAzg_TTb6tEDXCLnOViH48h_wNi05Ym-dEJKJttYMIXGCXE4A2Y_d9rmOs27N0207wmCV1h2h6cWWeelnP9xbtqUg8GoDLODQRpywC3DPac44gnvy5oQdws3hZ8Aip_14-F_VP6kAq5c</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>223029650</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><creator>CANGA, Navidad ; DE IRALA, Jokin ; VARA, Eduardo ; DUASO, Maria J ; FERRER, Asuncion ; MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A</creator><creatorcontrib>CANGA, Navidad ; DE IRALA, Jokin ; VARA, Eduardo ; DUASO, Maria J ; FERRER, Asuncion ; MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A</creatorcontrib><description>Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary
care settings.
N Canga ,
J De Irala ,
E Vara ,
M J Duaso ,
A Ferrer and
M A Martínez-González
Department of Nursing Studies, School of Nursing, University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention in diabetic patients. RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial involved 280 diabetic smokers (age range 17-84 years) who were
randomized either into control (n = 133) or intervention (n = 147) groups at 12 primary care centers and 2 hospitals located
in Navarre, Spain. The intervention consisted of a 40-min nurse visit that included counseling, education, and contracting
information (a negotiated cessation date). The follow-up consisted of telephone calls, letters, and visits. The control group
received the usual care for diabetic smokers. Baseline and 6-month follow-up measurements included smoking status (self-reported
cessation was verified by urine cotinine concentrations), mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, and stage of change. RESULTS:
At the 6-month follow-up, the smoking cessation incidence was 17.0% in the intervention group compared with 2.3% in the usual
care group, which was a 14.7% difference (95% CI 8.2-21.3%). Among participants who continued smoking, a significant reduction
was evident in the average cigarette consumption at the 6-month follow-up. The mean number of cigarettes per day decreased
from 20.0 at baseline to 15.5 at 6 months for the experimental group versus from 19.7 to 18.1 for the control group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: A structured intervention managed by a single nurse was shown to be effective in changing the smoking behavior
of diabetic patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0149-5992</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-5548</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1455</identifier><identifier>PMID: 11023136</identifier><identifier>CODEN: DICAD2</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Biological and medical sciences ; Counseling ; Diabetes Mellitus - rehabilitation ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - nursing ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - rehabilitation ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - nursing ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - rehabilitation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Nurse-Patient Relations ; Patient Education as Topic ; Prevention and actions ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation - methods ; Smoking Cessation - statistics & numerical data ; Spain ; Specific populations (family, woman, child, elderly...) ; Tobacco, tobacco smoking ; Toxicology ; Treatment Outcome ; Urban Population</subject><ispartof>Diabetes care, 2000-10, Vol.23 (10), p.1455-1460</ispartof><rights>2000 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright American Diabetes Association Oct 2000</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-8680e2a4ad7eeb68446cd731c61037517288fb641f10fad5958726ac545b84673</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1510131$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023136$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>CANGA, Navidad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DE IRALA, Jokin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VARA, Eduardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DUASO, Maria J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>FERRER, Asuncion</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A</creatorcontrib><title>Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings</title><title>Diabetes care</title><addtitle>Diabetes Care</addtitle><description>Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary
care settings.
N Canga ,
J De Irala ,
E Vara ,
M J Duaso ,
A Ferrer and
M A Martínez-González
Department of Nursing Studies, School of Nursing, University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention in diabetic patients. RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial involved 280 diabetic smokers (age range 17-84 years) who were
randomized either into control (n = 133) or intervention (n = 147) groups at 12 primary care centers and 2 hospitals located
in Navarre, Spain. The intervention consisted of a 40-min nurse visit that included counseling, education, and contracting
information (a negotiated cessation date). The follow-up consisted of telephone calls, letters, and visits. The control group
received the usual care for diabetic smokers. Baseline and 6-month follow-up measurements included smoking status (self-reported
cessation was verified by urine cotinine concentrations), mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, and stage of change. RESULTS:
At the 6-month follow-up, the smoking cessation incidence was 17.0% in the intervention group compared with 2.3% in the usual
care group, which was a 14.7% difference (95% CI 8.2-21.3%). Among participants who continued smoking, a significant reduction
was evident in the average cigarette consumption at the 6-month follow-up. The mean number of cigarettes per day decreased
from 20.0 at baseline to 15.5 at 6 months for the experimental group versus from 19.7 to 18.1 for the control group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: A structured intervention managed by a single nurse was shown to be effective in changing the smoking behavior
of diabetic patients.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Counseling</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus - rehabilitation</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - nursing</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - rehabilitation</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - nursing</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - physiopathology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - rehabilitation</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nurse-Patient Relations</subject><subject>Patient Education as Topic</subject><subject>Prevention and actions</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Smoking Cessation - methods</subject><subject>Smoking Cessation - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Spain</subject><subject>Specific populations (family, woman, child, elderly...)</subject><subject>Tobacco, tobacco smoking</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Urban Population</subject><issn>0149-5992</issn><issn>1935-5548</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2000</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNptkctu1TAQhi0EoocDL8ACWQixQSm-Jk53qOJSqRIbWEeO4_S4JPbB44DKC_DaTDiRKiFW9vz-_pnxDCHPOTsXUjZvh2CdzR6Dc5S40voB2fFW6kprZR6SHeOqrXTbijPyBOCWMaaUMY_JGedMSC7rHfl9FYvPP3wsIUUKZRnu6JgyhTl9C_GGOg9g_76FSLFg70tw9IgSWuCCWpptHNIcfvmBuhRLTtOE15KDnVZPn8qBuinE4FBAlh5zmG2-o2vvFHwpWAeekkejncA_2849-frh_ZfLT9X1549Xl--uK6ekLpWpDfPCKjs03ve1Uap2QyO5qzmTjeaNMGbsa8VHzkY76FabRtTWaaV7o-pG7snrU95jTt8XD6WbAzg_TTb6tEDXCLnOViH48h_wNi05Ym-dEJKJttYMIXGCXE4A2Y_d9rmOs27N0207wmCV1h2h6cWWeelnP9xbtqUg8GoDLODQRpywC3DPac44gnvy5oQdws3hZ8Aip_14-F_VP6kAq5c</recordid><startdate>20001001</startdate><enddate>20001001</enddate><creator>CANGA, Navidad</creator><creator>DE IRALA, Jokin</creator><creator>VARA, Eduardo</creator><creator>DUASO, Maria J</creator><creator>FERRER, Asuncion</creator><creator>MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A</creator><general>American Diabetes Association</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20001001</creationdate><title>Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings</title><author>CANGA, Navidad ; DE IRALA, Jokin ; VARA, Eduardo ; DUASO, Maria J ; FERRER, Asuncion ; MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-8680e2a4ad7eeb68446cd731c61037517288fb641f10fad5958726ac545b84673</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2000</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Counseling</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus - rehabilitation</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - nursing</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - rehabilitation</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - nursing</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - physiopathology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - rehabilitation</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nurse-Patient Relations</topic><topic>Patient Education as Topic</topic><topic>Prevention and actions</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Smoking Cessation - methods</topic><topic>Smoking Cessation - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Spain</topic><topic>Specific populations (family, woman, child, elderly...)</topic><topic>Tobacco, tobacco smoking</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><topic>Urban Population</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>CANGA, Navidad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DE IRALA, Jokin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VARA, Eduardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DUASO, Maria J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>FERRER, Asuncion</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Diabetes care</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>CANGA, Navidad</au><au>DE IRALA, Jokin</au><au>VARA, Eduardo</au><au>DUASO, Maria J</au><au>FERRER, Asuncion</au><au>MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Miguel A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings</atitle><jtitle>Diabetes care</jtitle><addtitle>Diabetes Care</addtitle><date>2000-10-01</date><risdate>2000</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>1455</spage><epage>1460</epage><pages>1455-1460</pages><issn>0149-5992</issn><eissn>1935-5548</eissn><coden>DICAD2</coden><abstract>Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary
care settings.
N Canga ,
J De Irala ,
E Vara ,
M J Duaso ,
A Ferrer and
M A Martínez-González
Department of Nursing Studies, School of Nursing, University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention in diabetic patients. RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial involved 280 diabetic smokers (age range 17-84 years) who were
randomized either into control (n = 133) or intervention (n = 147) groups at 12 primary care centers and 2 hospitals located
in Navarre, Spain. The intervention consisted of a 40-min nurse visit that included counseling, education, and contracting
information (a negotiated cessation date). The follow-up consisted of telephone calls, letters, and visits. The control group
received the usual care for diabetic smokers. Baseline and 6-month follow-up measurements included smoking status (self-reported
cessation was verified by urine cotinine concentrations), mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, and stage of change. RESULTS:
At the 6-month follow-up, the smoking cessation incidence was 17.0% in the intervention group compared with 2.3% in the usual
care group, which was a 14.7% difference (95% CI 8.2-21.3%). Among participants who continued smoking, a significant reduction
was evident in the average cigarette consumption at the 6-month follow-up. The mean number of cigarettes per day decreased
from 20.0 at baseline to 15.5 at 6 months for the experimental group versus from 19.7 to 18.1 for the control group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: A structured intervention managed by a single nurse was shown to be effective in changing the smoking behavior
of diabetic patients.</abstract><cop>Alexandria, VA</cop><pub>American Diabetes Association</pub><pmid>11023136</pmid><doi>10.2337/diacare.23.10.1455</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0149-5992 |
| ispartof | Diabetes care, 2000-10, Vol.23 (10), p.1455-1460 |
| issn | 0149-5992 1935-5548 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pascalfrancis_primary_1510131 |
| source | MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Biological and medical sciences Counseling Diabetes Mellitus - rehabilitation Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - nursing Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - rehabilitation Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - nursing Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - physiopathology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - rehabilitation Female Humans Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Nurse-Patient Relations Patient Education as Topic Prevention and actions Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Smoking Smoking Cessation - methods Smoking Cessation - statistics & numerical data Spain Specific populations (family, woman, child, elderly...) Tobacco, tobacco smoking Toxicology Treatment Outcome Urban Population |
| title | Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings |
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