Energetics and Growth Rate of Northern Shrike (Lanius Excubitor) Nestlings
Northern Shrikes (Lanius excubitor) breed in a variety of habitats, including deserts. Deserts are characterized by unpredictable food supplies, which can lead to a slow growth rate of nestlings. However, given that Northern Shrike males use prey from their caches to augment freshly caught prey in p...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Ecology (Durham) 1992-12, Vol.73 (6), p.2273-2283 |
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| creator | Degen, A. Allan Pinshow, Berry Yosef, Reuven Kam, Michael Nagy, Kenneth A. |
| description | Northern Shrikes (Lanius excubitor) breed in a variety of habitats, including deserts. Deserts are characterized by unpredictable food supplies, which can lead to a slow growth rate of nestlings. However, given that Northern Shrike males use prey from their caches to augment freshly caught prey in providing food for their mates and nestlings, we hypothesized that their nestlings do not have a slow growth rate, but one that is equivalent to that in other passerine nestlings from temperate areas. To test this hypothesis, we measured growth rates and energy use in Northern Shrike nestlings and fledglings. We also measured energy expenditure in two adult males that were attending nests. Growth rate of Northern Shrike nestlings was similar to that predicted for passerines in temperate areas and therefore our hypothesis was supported. However, metabolizable energy available in the cache amounted to only °7.2% of the total energy requirements of the nestlings or 4.2% of the total energy requirements of parents and nestlings during the nestling period. This suggested that other factors in addition to the cache were important in determining growth rate. These include (1) an extremely low maintenance energy require of the nestling; 30% of that predicted for a bird of its body mass when it weighed 10 g, which gradually increased to 70% at 50 g. This allowed for more of the energy intake to be used for growth and also reduced foraging costs of males; (2) the relatively low amount of body energy retained as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake, 0.15 to 0.16, indicating that more water per unit growth was incorporated than in other passerines. Energy expenditure of adult males was substantially lower than that predicted for a passerine of similar body mass. Males collected 4.83 time the energy that they consumed in order to provide their mates and offspring with food. Yet, their ratio of field metabolic rate to basal metabolic rate was only 2.33, the lowest reported value for adults feeding altricial young. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2307/1941474 |
| format | Article |
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Allan ; Pinshow, Berry ; Yosef, Reuven ; Kam, Michael ; Nagy, Kenneth A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Degen, A. Allan ; Pinshow, Berry ; Yosef, Reuven ; Kam, Michael ; Nagy, Kenneth A.</creatorcontrib><description>Northern Shrikes (Lanius excubitor) breed in a variety of habitats, including deserts. Deserts are characterized by unpredictable food supplies, which can lead to a slow growth rate of nestlings. However, given that Northern Shrike males use prey from their caches to augment freshly caught prey in providing food for their mates and nestlings, we hypothesized that their nestlings do not have a slow growth rate, but one that is equivalent to that in other passerine nestlings from temperate areas. To test this hypothesis, we measured growth rates and energy use in Northern Shrike nestlings and fledglings. We also measured energy expenditure in two adult males that were attending nests. Growth rate of Northern Shrike nestlings was similar to that predicted for passerines in temperate areas and therefore our hypothesis was supported. However, metabolizable energy available in the cache amounted to only °7.2% of the total energy requirements of the nestlings or 4.2% of the total energy requirements of parents and nestlings during the nestling period. This suggested that other factors in addition to the cache were important in determining growth rate. These include (1) an extremely low maintenance energy require of the nestling; 30% of that predicted for a bird of its body mass when it weighed 10 g, which gradually increased to 70% at 50 g. This allowed for more of the energy intake to be used for growth and also reduced foraging costs of males; (2) the relatively low amount of body energy retained as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake, 0.15 to 0.16, indicating that more water per unit growth was incorporated than in other passerines. Energy expenditure of adult males was substantially lower than that predicted for a passerine of similar body mass. Males collected 4.83 time the energy that they consumed in order to provide their mates and offspring with food. Yet, their ratio of field metabolic rate to basal metabolic rate was only 2.33, the lowest reported value for adults feeding altricial young.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0012-9658</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-9170</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2307/1941474</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ECGYAQ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America</publisher><subject>Animal and plant ecology ; ANIMAL GROWTH ; Animal physiology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; ANIMALS ; ARID LANDS ; Autoecology ; Aves ; BASAL METABOLISM ; BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ; Biological and medical sciences ; Bird nesting ; BIRDS ; Body water ; DESERTS ; Energy intake ; Food ; Food availability ; Food supply ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. 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Allan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinshow, Berry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yosef, Reuven</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kam, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagy, Kenneth A.</creatorcontrib><title>Energetics and Growth Rate of Northern Shrike (Lanius Excubitor) Nestlings</title><title>Ecology (Durham)</title><description>Northern Shrikes (Lanius excubitor) breed in a variety of habitats, including deserts. Deserts are characterized by unpredictable food supplies, which can lead to a slow growth rate of nestlings. However, given that Northern Shrike males use prey from their caches to augment freshly caught prey in providing food for their mates and nestlings, we hypothesized that their nestlings do not have a slow growth rate, but one that is equivalent to that in other passerine nestlings from temperate areas. To test this hypothesis, we measured growth rates and energy use in Northern Shrike nestlings and fledglings. We also measured energy expenditure in two adult males that were attending nests. Growth rate of Northern Shrike nestlings was similar to that predicted for passerines in temperate areas and therefore our hypothesis was supported. However, metabolizable energy available in the cache amounted to only °7.2% of the total energy requirements of the nestlings or 4.2% of the total energy requirements of parents and nestlings during the nestling period. This suggested that other factors in addition to the cache were important in determining growth rate. These include (1) an extremely low maintenance energy require of the nestling; 30% of that predicted for a bird of its body mass when it weighed 10 g, which gradually increased to 70% at 50 g. This allowed for more of the energy intake to be used for growth and also reduced foraging costs of males; (2) the relatively low amount of body energy retained as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake, 0.15 to 0.16, indicating that more water per unit growth was incorporated than in other passerines. Energy expenditure of adult males was substantially lower than that predicted for a passerine of similar body mass. Males collected 4.83 time the energy that they consumed in order to provide their mates and offspring with food. Yet, their ratio of field metabolic rate to basal metabolic rate was only 2.33, the lowest reported value for adults feeding altricial young.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>ANIMAL GROWTH</subject><subject>Animal physiology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>ANIMALS</subject><subject>ARID LANDS</subject><subject>Autoecology</subject><subject>Aves</subject><subject>BASAL METABOLISM</subject><subject>BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Bird nesting</subject><subject>BIRDS</subject><subject>Body water</subject><subject>DESERTS</subject><subject>Energy intake</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food availability</subject><subject>Food supply</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>GROWTH</subject><subject>Lanius excubitor</subject><subject>Male animals</subject><subject>Mating behavior</subject><subject>METABOLISM</subject><subject>NEONATES</subject><subject>Physical growth</subject><subject>SIZE</subject><subject>Thermogenesis</subject><subject>Vertebrata</subject><subject>VERTEBRATES 550500 -- Metabolism</subject><issn>0012-9658</issn><issn>1939-9170</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1992</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>K30</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp90s9vFCEUB_CJ0cS1Gv8EiRqrh1EeMPw4ms22ajY1sfbgiTAss8s6hRaY1P73YmbTnioHuHzyfe_l0TQvAX8kFItPoBgwwR41C1BUtQoEftwsMAbSKt7Jp82znPe4HmBy0XxbBZe2rnibkQkbdJriTdmhH6Y4FAd0FlPZuRTQ-S753w69X5vgp4xWf-zU-xLTB3Tmchl92ObnzZPBjNm9OLxHzcXJ6ufyS7v-fvp1-XndWioEbTeCgOOD7A3tLRghuGFGkY5j7gzvpWN0wwi2atNjJlzXYSw7qP0KxXqOe3rUvJ5zYy5eZ-uLszsbQ3C2aC4Jhw4qejejqxSvp9qivvTZunE0wcUpa-BUCoXZfdod3McphTqAJqBqbcp5RW8eQkAUZ1RxIFUdz8qmmHNyg75K_tKkWw1Y_9uNPuymyreHPJOtGYdkgvX5jjMmSKe6yujMbvzobh9K06vlL1CKCMpJve7D97ku6D89vJrZYKI221TrX5wTDLz-DEGkxPQvTBusCw</recordid><startdate>199212</startdate><enddate>199212</enddate><creator>Degen, A. 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Allan ; Pinshow, Berry ; Yosef, Reuven ; Kam, Michael ; Nagy, Kenneth A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3773-d721e6f8ba3bc1a776a4a925606ea6b8e43d420c9db047e5500851000794b60b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1992</creationdate><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>ANIMAL GROWTH</topic><topic>Animal physiology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>ANIMALS</topic><topic>ARID LANDS</topic><topic>Autoecology</topic><topic>Aves</topic><topic>BASAL METABOLISM</topic><topic>BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Bird nesting</topic><topic>BIRDS</topic><topic>Body water</topic><topic>DESERTS</topic><topic>Energy intake</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Food availability</topic><topic>Food supply</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>GROWTH</topic><topic>Lanius excubitor</topic><topic>Male animals</topic><topic>Mating behavior</topic><topic>METABOLISM</topic><topic>NEONATES</topic><topic>Physical growth</topic><topic>SIZE</topic><topic>Thermogenesis</topic><topic>Vertebrata</topic><topic>VERTEBRATES 550500 -- Metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Degen, A. 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Allan</au><au>Pinshow, Berry</au><au>Yosef, Reuven</au><au>Kam, Michael</au><au>Nagy, Kenneth A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Energetics and Growth Rate of Northern Shrike (Lanius Excubitor) Nestlings</atitle><jtitle>Ecology (Durham)</jtitle><date>1992-12</date><risdate>1992</risdate><volume>73</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>2273</spage><epage>2283</epage><pages>2273-2283</pages><issn>0012-9658</issn><eissn>1939-9170</eissn><coden>ECGYAQ</coden><abstract>Northern Shrikes (Lanius excubitor) breed in a variety of habitats, including deserts. Deserts are characterized by unpredictable food supplies, which can lead to a slow growth rate of nestlings. However, given that Northern Shrike males use prey from their caches to augment freshly caught prey in providing food for their mates and nestlings, we hypothesized that their nestlings do not have a slow growth rate, but one that is equivalent to that in other passerine nestlings from temperate areas. To test this hypothesis, we measured growth rates and energy use in Northern Shrike nestlings and fledglings. We also measured energy expenditure in two adult males that were attending nests. Growth rate of Northern Shrike nestlings was similar to that predicted for passerines in temperate areas and therefore our hypothesis was supported. However, metabolizable energy available in the cache amounted to only °7.2% of the total energy requirements of the nestlings or 4.2% of the total energy requirements of parents and nestlings during the nestling period. This suggested that other factors in addition to the cache were important in determining growth rate. These include (1) an extremely low maintenance energy require of the nestling; 30% of that predicted for a bird of its body mass when it weighed 10 g, which gradually increased to 70% at 50 g. This allowed for more of the energy intake to be used for growth and also reduced foraging costs of males; (2) the relatively low amount of body energy retained as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake, 0.15 to 0.16, indicating that more water per unit growth was incorporated than in other passerines. Energy expenditure of adult males was substantially lower than that predicted for a passerine of similar body mass. Males collected 4.83 time the energy that they consumed in order to provide their mates and offspring with food. Yet, their ratio of field metabolic rate to basal metabolic rate was only 2.33, the lowest reported value for adults feeding altricial young.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>Ecological Society of America</pub><doi>10.2307/1941474</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0012-9658 |
| ispartof | Ecology (Durham), 1992-12, Vol.73 (6), p.2273-2283 |
| issn | 0012-9658 1939-9170 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_osti_scitechconnect_6826151 |
| source | Periodicals Index Online; Jstor Complete Legacy |
| subjects | Animal and plant ecology ANIMAL GROWTH Animal physiology Animal, plant and microbial ecology ANIMALS ARID LANDS Autoecology Aves BASAL METABOLISM BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Biological and medical sciences Bird nesting BIRDS Body water DESERTS Energy intake Food Food availability Food supply Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology GROWTH Lanius excubitor Male animals Mating behavior METABOLISM NEONATES Physical growth SIZE Thermogenesis Vertebrata VERTEBRATES 550500 -- Metabolism |
| title | Energetics and Growth Rate of Northern Shrike (Lanius Excubitor) Nestlings |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-15T14%3A26%3A07IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_osti_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Energetics%20and%20Growth%20Rate%20of%20Northern%20Shrike%20(Lanius%20Excubitor)%20Nestlings&rft.jtitle=Ecology%20(Durham)&rft.au=Degen,%20A.%20Allan&rft.date=1992-12&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=2273&rft.epage=2283&rft.pages=2273-2283&rft.issn=0012-9658&rft.eissn=1939-9170&rft.coden=ECGYAQ&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1941474&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_osti_%3E1941474%3C/jstor_osti_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=219008366&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_jstor_id=1941474&rfr_iscdi=true |