Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity
Hillslope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneities influence the role of groundwater flow in provoking slope instability. We evaluate these influences quantitatively by employing the elastic effective stress model and Coulomb failure potential concept described in our companion...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Water resources research 1992-03, Vol.28 (3), p.939-950 |
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description | Hillslope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneities influence the role of groundwater flow in provoking slope instability. We evaluate these influences quantitatively by employing the elastic effective stress model and Coulomb failure potential concept described in our companion paper (Iverson and Reid, this issue). Sensitivity analyses show that of four dimensionless quantities that control model results (i.e., Poisson's ratio, porosity, topographic profile, and hydraulic conductivity contrast), slope profiles and hydraulic conductivity contrasts have the most pronounced and diverse effects on groundwater seepage forces, effective stresses, and slope failure potentials. Gravity‐driven groundwater flow strongly influences the shape of equilibrium hillslopes, which we define as those with uniform near‐surface failure potentials. For homogeneous slopes with no groundwater flow, equilibrium hillslope profiles are straight; but with gravity‐driven flow, equilibrium profiles are concave or convex‐concave, and the largest failure potentials exist near the bases of convex slopes. In heterogeneous slopes, relatively slight hydraulic conductivity contrasts of less than 1 order of magnitude markedly affect the seepage force field and slope failure potential. Maximum effects occur if conductivity contrasts are of four orders of magnitude or more, and large hydraulic gradients commonly result in particularly large failure potentials just upslope from where low‐conductivity layers intersect the ground surface. |
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Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity</title><source>Access via Wiley Online Library</source><creator>Reid, Mark E. ; Iverson, Richard M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Reid, Mark E. ; Iverson, Richard M.</creatorcontrib><description>Hillslope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneities influence the role of groundwater flow in provoking slope instability. We evaluate these influences quantitatively by employing the elastic effective stress model and Coulomb failure potential concept described in our companion paper (Iverson and Reid, this issue). Sensitivity analyses show that of four dimensionless quantities that control model results (i.e., Poisson's ratio, porosity, topographic profile, and hydraulic conductivity contrast), slope profiles and hydraulic conductivity contrasts have the most pronounced and diverse effects on groundwater seepage forces, effective stresses, and slope failure potentials. Gravity‐driven groundwater flow strongly influences the shape of equilibrium hillslopes, which we define as those with uniform near‐surface failure potentials. For homogeneous slopes with no groundwater flow, equilibrium hillslope profiles are straight; but with gravity‐driven flow, equilibrium profiles are concave or convex‐concave, and the largest failure potentials exist near the bases of convex slopes. In heterogeneous slopes, relatively slight hydraulic conductivity contrasts of less than 1 order of magnitude markedly affect the seepage force field and slope failure potential. Maximum effects occur if conductivity contrasts are of four orders of magnitude or more, and large hydraulic gradients commonly result in particularly large failure potentials just upslope from where low‐conductivity layers intersect the ground surface.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0043-1397</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-7973</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/91WR02695</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-) ; 580000 - Geosciences ; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ; ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT ; FLOW MODELS ; FLUID FLOW ; GEOLOGY ; GEOSCIENCES ; GROUND WATER ; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY ; HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS ; HYDROLOGY ; MASS TRANSFER ; MATHEMATICAL MODELS ; OXYGEN COMPOUNDS ; SLOPE STABILITY ; STABILITY ; TOPOGRAPHY ; WATER</subject><ispartof>Water resources research, 1992-03, Vol.28 (3), p.939-950</ispartof><rights>This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. Published in 1992 by the American Geophysical Union.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a4834-de9af275b50fc7c2973434480529ac87d9624572b31361cb017fc550e83d377e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a4834-de9af275b50fc7c2973434480529ac87d9624572b31361cb017fc550e83d377e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F91WR02695$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F91WR02695$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/5246010$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Reid, Mark E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iverson, Richard M.</creatorcontrib><title>Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity</title><title>Water resources research</title><addtitle>Water Resour. Res</addtitle><description>Hillslope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneities influence the role of groundwater flow in provoking slope instability. We evaluate these influences quantitatively by employing the elastic effective stress model and Coulomb failure potential concept described in our companion paper (Iverson and Reid, this issue). Sensitivity analyses show that of four dimensionless quantities that control model results (i.e., Poisson's ratio, porosity, topographic profile, and hydraulic conductivity contrast), slope profiles and hydraulic conductivity contrasts have the most pronounced and diverse effects on groundwater seepage forces, effective stresses, and slope failure potentials. Gravity‐driven groundwater flow strongly influences the shape of equilibrium hillslopes, which we define as those with uniform near‐surface failure potentials. For homogeneous slopes with no groundwater flow, equilibrium hillslope profiles are straight; but with gravity‐driven flow, equilibrium profiles are concave or convex‐concave, and the largest failure potentials exist near the bases of convex slopes. In heterogeneous slopes, relatively slight hydraulic conductivity contrasts of less than 1 order of magnitude markedly affect the seepage force field and slope failure potential. Maximum effects occur if conductivity contrasts are of four orders of magnitude or more, and large hydraulic gradients commonly result in particularly large failure potentials just upslope from where low‐conductivity layers intersect the ground surface.</description><subject>540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-)</subject><subject>580000 - Geosciences</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT</subject><subject>FLOW MODELS</subject><subject>FLUID FLOW</subject><subject>GEOLOGY</subject><subject>GEOSCIENCES</subject><subject>GROUND WATER</subject><subject>HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY</subject><subject>HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>HYDROLOGY</subject><subject>MASS TRANSFER</subject><subject>MATHEMATICAL MODELS</subject><subject>OXYGEN COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>SLOPE STABILITY</subject><subject>STABILITY</subject><subject>TOPOGRAPHY</subject><subject>WATER</subject><issn>0043-1397</issn><issn>1944-7973</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1992</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqF0c1uEzEUBeARohKhZcEbWCyQkDqtf8djdihqU0QoUlTUpeV47iQGZ5zaMw3zELwzDlN1h1h54e8c3atbFG8JviCYqktF7leYVkq8KGZEcV5KJdnLYoYxZyVhSr4qXqf0A2PCRSVnxe9FNI-uH8smukfo0CaGoWsOpoeIWh8OyHQNSj7sAbXG-SEC2oceut4Z_xHRC3TVtmD7hEL7xHYh7rfBh814jnbHnizRPuav2DtI538bt2MTzeCdRVvIJGyggzzFWXHSGp_gzdN7Wny_vrqb35TLb4vP80_L0vCa8bIBZVoqxVrg1kpL84qccV5jQZWxtWxURbmQdM0Iq4hdYyJbKwSGmjVMSmCnxbupN6Te6WRdD3ZrQ9flVbSgvMIEZ_R-Qnn4hwFSr3cuWfDedBCGpElNGSZK_B8ySQShx8YPE7QxpBSh1fvodiaOmmB9PJ9-Pl-2l5M9OA_jv6G-X81Xoqp4TpRTwqUefj0nTPypK8lklrcLffvl5utc3i31NfsDbUarbQ</recordid><startdate>199203</startdate><enddate>199203</enddate><creator>Reid, Mark E.</creator><creator>Iverson, Richard M.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>199203</creationdate><title>Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity</title><author>Reid, Mark E. ; Iverson, Richard M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a4834-de9af275b50fc7c2973434480529ac87d9624572b31361cb017fc550e83d377e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1992</creationdate><topic>540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-)</topic><topic>580000 - Geosciences</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT</topic><topic>FLOW MODELS</topic><topic>FLUID FLOW</topic><topic>GEOLOGY</topic><topic>GEOSCIENCES</topic><topic>GROUND WATER</topic><topic>HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY</topic><topic>HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>HYDROLOGY</topic><topic>MASS TRANSFER</topic><topic>MATHEMATICAL MODELS</topic><topic>OXYGEN COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>SLOPE STABILITY</topic><topic>STABILITY</topic><topic>TOPOGRAPHY</topic><topic>WATER</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Reid, Mark E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iverson, Richard M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Water resources research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Reid, Mark E.</au><au>Iverson, Richard M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity</atitle><jtitle>Water resources research</jtitle><addtitle>Water Resour. Res</addtitle><date>1992-03</date><risdate>1992</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>939</spage><epage>950</epage><pages>939-950</pages><issn>0043-1397</issn><eissn>1944-7973</eissn><abstract>Hillslope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneities influence the role of groundwater flow in provoking slope instability. We evaluate these influences quantitatively by employing the elastic effective stress model and Coulomb failure potential concept described in our companion paper (Iverson and Reid, this issue). Sensitivity analyses show that of four dimensionless quantities that control model results (i.e., Poisson's ratio, porosity, topographic profile, and hydraulic conductivity contrast), slope profiles and hydraulic conductivity contrasts have the most pronounced and diverse effects on groundwater seepage forces, effective stresses, and slope failure potentials. Gravity‐driven groundwater flow strongly influences the shape of equilibrium hillslopes, which we define as those with uniform near‐surface failure potentials. For homogeneous slopes with no groundwater flow, equilibrium hillslope profiles are straight; but with gravity‐driven flow, equilibrium profiles are concave or convex‐concave, and the largest failure potentials exist near the bases of convex slopes. In heterogeneous slopes, relatively slight hydraulic conductivity contrasts of less than 1 order of magnitude markedly affect the seepage force field and slope failure potential. Maximum effects occur if conductivity contrasts are of four orders of magnitude or more, and large hydraulic gradients commonly result in particularly large failure potentials just upslope from where low‐conductivity layers intersect the ground surface.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/91WR02695</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | 540210 - Environment, Terrestrial- Basic Studies- (1990-) 580000 - Geosciences ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT FLOW MODELS FLUID FLOW GEOLOGY GEOSCIENCES GROUND WATER HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS HYDROLOGY MASS TRANSFER MATHEMATICAL MODELS OXYGEN COMPOUNDS SLOPE STABILITY STABILITY TOPOGRAPHY WATER |
title | Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity |
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