X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cadmium Tin Oxide Ceramics in As-Fired and Electrochemically Reduced Forms
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been employed to investigate the chemical nature of samples of dicadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) in the as‐fired, electrochemically reduced, and reoxidized states. The reduction of Cd2SnO4 was found to be associated with a dramatic color change from bright yello...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the American Ceramic Society 1991-03, Vol.74 (3), p.662-665 |
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| creator | Hashemi, Tooraj Illingsworth, Jenny Golestani-Fard, Farhad |
| description | X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been employed to investigate the chemical nature of samples of dicadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) in the as‐fired, electrochemically reduced, and reoxidized states. The reduction of Cd2SnO4 was found to be associated with a dramatic color change from bright yellow to dark green, a phenomenon commonly known as the electrochromic effect. Both quantitative XPS results and binding energy measurements proved that, upon exposure of the reduced ceramic bodies to air, the Sn2+ to Sn4+ transition readily took place to produce the intermediate compound, Cd2SnO3 with divalent tin. Prolonged exposure to the atmosphere did not result in further progress of reoxidation extending to monovalent cadmium. However, complete reoxidation of the reduced samples was possible by annealing in air at 350°C for a short period of time, e.g., 3 h, by which the original features of the as‐fired state such as color and electrical conductivity were restored. The results also showed that reoxidized samples at high temperature assume the same XPS characteristics as those of as‐fired ceramics. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb04078.x |
| format | Article |
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The reduction of Cd2SnO4 was found to be associated with a dramatic color change from bright yellow to dark green, a phenomenon commonly known as the electrochromic effect. Both quantitative XPS results and binding energy measurements proved that, upon exposure of the reduced ceramic bodies to air, the Sn2+ to Sn4+ transition readily took place to produce the intermediate compound, Cd2SnO3 with divalent tin. Prolonged exposure to the atmosphere did not result in further progress of reoxidation extending to monovalent cadmium. However, complete reoxidation of the reduced samples was possible by annealing in air at 350°C for a short period of time, e.g., 3 h, by which the original features of the as‐fired state such as color and electrical conductivity were restored. The results also showed that reoxidized samples at high temperature assume the same XPS characteristics as those of as‐fired ceramics.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-7820</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1551-2916</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb04078.x</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JACTAW</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>400201 - Chemical & Physicochemical Properties ; ANNEALING ; Applied sciences ; Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses ; cadmium ; CADMIUM COMPOUNDS ; Ceramic industries ; CERAMICS ; Chemical industry and chemicals ; CHEMICAL REACTIONS ; CHEMISTRY ; COLOR ; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY ; ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ; ELECTROCHEMISTRY ; ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY ; Electrotechnical and electronic ceramics ; Exact sciences and technology ; HEAT TREATMENTS ; INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ; OPTICAL PROPERTIES ; ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES ; OXIDATION ; oxides ; OXYGEN COMPOUNDS ; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY ; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ; REDOX REACTIONS ; REDUCTION ; SPECTROSCOPY ; STANNATES ; Technical ceramics ; tin ; TIN COMPOUNDS ; X-ray ; X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY</subject><ispartof>Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1991-03, Vol.74 (3), p.662-665</ispartof><rights>1991 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4122-efeb47fa831dc897e91eceafda1fafbe13791883115711e15db8de36b57eb5113</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4122-efeb47fa831dc897e91eceafda1fafbe13791883115711e15db8de36b57eb5113</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1991.tb04078.x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1991.tb04078.x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=19590722$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/5157595$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hashemi, Tooraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Illingsworth, Jenny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Golestani-Fard, Farhad</creatorcontrib><title>X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cadmium Tin Oxide Ceramics in As-Fired and Electrochemically Reduced Forms</title><title>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</title><description>X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been employed to investigate the chemical nature of samples of dicadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) in the as‐fired, electrochemically reduced, and reoxidized states. The reduction of Cd2SnO4 was found to be associated with a dramatic color change from bright yellow to dark green, a phenomenon commonly known as the electrochromic effect. Both quantitative XPS results and binding energy measurements proved that, upon exposure of the reduced ceramic bodies to air, the Sn2+ to Sn4+ transition readily took place to produce the intermediate compound, Cd2SnO3 with divalent tin. Prolonged exposure to the atmosphere did not result in further progress of reoxidation extending to monovalent cadmium. However, complete reoxidation of the reduced samples was possible by annealing in air at 350°C for a short period of time, e.g., 3 h, by which the original features of the as‐fired state such as color and electrical conductivity were restored. The results also showed that reoxidized samples at high temperature assume the same XPS characteristics as those of as‐fired ceramics.</description><subject>400201 - Chemical & Physicochemical Properties</subject><subject>ANNEALING</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses</subject><subject>cadmium</subject><subject>CADMIUM COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>Ceramic industries</subject><subject>CERAMICS</subject><subject>Chemical industry and chemicals</subject><subject>CHEMICAL REACTIONS</subject><subject>CHEMISTRY</subject><subject>COLOR</subject><subject>ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY</subject><subject>ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES</subject><subject>ELECTROCHEMISTRY</subject><subject>ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY</subject><subject>Electrotechnical and electronic ceramics</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>HEAT TREATMENTS</subject><subject>INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY</subject><subject>OPTICAL PROPERTIES</subject><subject>ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES</subject><subject>OXIDATION</subject><subject>oxides</subject><subject>OXYGEN COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY</subject><subject>PHYSICAL PROPERTIES</subject><subject>REDOX REACTIONS</subject><subject>REDUCTION</subject><subject>SPECTROSCOPY</subject><subject>STANNATES</subject><subject>Technical ceramics</subject><subject>tin</subject><subject>TIN COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>X-ray</subject><subject>X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY</subject><issn>0002-7820</issn><issn>1551-2916</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1991</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqVkF1v2yAUhtG0Scva_gdUaZdOOXYwZjdTZCXdpn5MbafuDmE4Vsj8EYGrxf9-eI6263JzgPc9D5yXkEtgS4jrah8LhySVkC9BSlgOFVsxUSyPb8gC-El6SxaMsTQRRcrekw8h7OMRZLFakO5n4vVIv-_6occGzeD7jj4e_m6C6Q8j7Wtaatu6l5Y-uY7eH51FWqLXrTOBxpt1SLbOo6W6s3QzM8wOo6ybZqQPaF9MVLe9b8M5eVfrJuDFqZ6RH9vNU_klubm__lqubxKzgjRNsMZqJWpdZGBNIQVKQIO6thpqXVcImZBQRBW4AEDgtiosZnnFBVYcIDsjlzO3D4NTwbgBzc70XRd_p3js4pJH06fZZOKswWOtDt612o8KmJriVXs1xaumDNUUrzrFq46x-ePcfNAhDlp73RkX_hMkl0ykafR9nn2_XYPjK15Q39blJs8nQjITXBjw-I-g_S-Vi0xw9Xx3rW63j2n5zFOVZX8AR7Gfrg</recordid><startdate>199103</startdate><enddate>199103</enddate><creator>Hashemi, Tooraj</creator><creator>Illingsworth, Jenny</creator><creator>Golestani-Fard, Farhad</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>199103</creationdate><title>X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cadmium Tin Oxide Ceramics in As-Fired and Electrochemically Reduced Forms</title><author>Hashemi, Tooraj ; Illingsworth, Jenny ; Golestani-Fard, Farhad</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4122-efeb47fa831dc897e91eceafda1fafbe13791883115711e15db8de36b57eb5113</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1991</creationdate><topic>400201 - Chemical & Physicochemical Properties</topic><topic>ANNEALING</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses</topic><topic>cadmium</topic><topic>CADMIUM COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>Ceramic industries</topic><topic>CERAMICS</topic><topic>Chemical industry and chemicals</topic><topic>CHEMICAL REACTIONS</topic><topic>CHEMISTRY</topic><topic>COLOR</topic><topic>ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY</topic><topic>ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES</topic><topic>ELECTROCHEMISTRY</topic><topic>ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY</topic><topic>Electrotechnical and electronic ceramics</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>HEAT TREATMENTS</topic><topic>INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY</topic><topic>OPTICAL PROPERTIES</topic><topic>ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES</topic><topic>OXIDATION</topic><topic>oxides</topic><topic>OXYGEN COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY</topic><topic>PHYSICAL PROPERTIES</topic><topic>REDOX REACTIONS</topic><topic>REDUCTION</topic><topic>SPECTROSCOPY</topic><topic>STANNATES</topic><topic>Technical ceramics</topic><topic>tin</topic><topic>TIN COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>X-ray</topic><topic>X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hashemi, Tooraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Illingsworth, Jenny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Golestani-Fard, Farhad</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hashemi, Tooraj</au><au>Illingsworth, Jenny</au><au>Golestani-Fard, Farhad</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cadmium Tin Oxide Ceramics in As-Fired and Electrochemically Reduced Forms</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</jtitle><date>1991-03</date><risdate>1991</risdate><volume>74</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>662</spage><epage>665</epage><pages>662-665</pages><issn>0002-7820</issn><eissn>1551-2916</eissn><coden>JACTAW</coden><abstract>X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been employed to investigate the chemical nature of samples of dicadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) in the as‐fired, electrochemically reduced, and reoxidized states. The reduction of Cd2SnO4 was found to be associated with a dramatic color change from bright yellow to dark green, a phenomenon commonly known as the electrochromic effect. Both quantitative XPS results and binding energy measurements proved that, upon exposure of the reduced ceramic bodies to air, the Sn2+ to Sn4+ transition readily took place to produce the intermediate compound, Cd2SnO3 with divalent tin. Prolonged exposure to the atmosphere did not result in further progress of reoxidation extending to monovalent cadmium. However, complete reoxidation of the reduced samples was possible by annealing in air at 350°C for a short period of time, e.g., 3 h, by which the original features of the as‐fired state such as color and electrical conductivity were restored. The results also showed that reoxidized samples at high temperature assume the same XPS characteristics as those of as‐fired ceramics.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb04078.x</doi><tpages>4</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | 400201 - Chemical & Physicochemical Properties ANNEALING Applied sciences Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses cadmium CADMIUM COMPOUNDS Ceramic industries CERAMICS Chemical industry and chemicals CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHEMISTRY COLOR ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ELECTROCHEMISTRY ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY Electrotechnical and electronic ceramics Exact sciences and technology HEAT TREATMENTS INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OPTICAL PROPERTIES ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OXIDATION oxides OXYGEN COMPOUNDS PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES REDOX REACTIONS REDUCTION SPECTROSCOPY STANNATES Technical ceramics tin TIN COMPOUNDS X-ray X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY |
| title | X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cadmium Tin Oxide Ceramics in As-Fired and Electrochemically Reduced Forms |
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