Predicting relative toxicity and interactions of divalent metal ions: Microtox® bioluminescence assay

Abstract Both relative toxicity and interactions between paired metal ions were predicted with least-squares linear regression and various ion characteristics. Microtoxr̀ 15 min EC50s (expressed as free ion) for Ca(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Hg(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) were most effectively modeled with the constant for the first hydrolysis (KH for Mn+ + H2O → MOHn-1 + H+) although other ion characteristics were also significant in regression models. The [log KH] is correlated with metal ion affinity to intermediate ligands such as many biochemical functional groups with O donor atoms. Further, ordination of metals according to ion characteristics, e.g., [log KH], facilitated prediction of paired metal interactions. Pairing metals with strong tendencies to complex with intermediate or soft ligands such as those with O or S donor atoms resulted in strong interactions.