Total Power Factor Smart Contract with Cyber Grid Guard Using Distributed Ledger Technology for Electrical Utility Grid with Customer-Owned Wind Farm
In modern electrical grids, the numbers of customer-owned distributed energy resources (DERs) have increased, and consequently, so have the numbers of points of common coupling (PCC) between the electrical grid and customer-owned DERs. The disruptive operation of and out-of-tolerance outputs from DE...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Electronics (Basel) 2024-10, Vol.13 (20), p.4055 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 20 |
| container_start_page | 4055 |
| container_title | Electronics (Basel) |
| container_volume | 13 |
| creator | Piesciorovsky, Emilio C. Hahn, Gary Borges Hink, Raymond Werth, Aaron |
| description | In modern electrical grids, the numbers of customer-owned distributed energy resources (DERs) have increased, and consequently, so have the numbers of points of common coupling (PCC) between the electrical grid and customer-owned DERs. The disruptive operation of and out-of-tolerance outputs from DERs, especially owned DERs, present a risk to power system operations. A common protective measure is to use relays located at the PCC to isolate poorly behaving or out-of-tolerance DERs from the grid. Ensuring the integrity of the data from these relays at the PCC is vital, and blockchain technology could enhance the security of modern electrical grids by providing an accurate means to translate operational constraints into actions/commands for relays. This study demonstrates an advanced power system application solution using distributed ledger technology (DLT) with smart contracts to manage the relay operation at the PCC. The smart contract defines the allowable total power factor (TPF) of the DER output, and the terms of the smart contract are implemented using DLT with a Cyber Grid Guard (CGG) system for a customer-owned DER (wind farm). This article presents flowcharts for the TPF smart contract implemented by the CGG using DLT. The test scenarios were implemented using a real-time simulator containing a CGG system and relay in-the-loop. The data collected from the CGG system were used to execute the TPF smart contract. The desired TPF limits on the grid-side were between +0.9 and +1.0, and the operation of the breakers in the electrical grid and DER sides was controlled by the relay consistent with the provisions of the smart contract. The events from the real-time simulator, CGG, and relay showed a successful implementation of the TPF smart contract with CGG using DLT, proving the efficacy of this approach in general for implementing electrical grid applications for utilities with connections to customer-owned DERs. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/electronics13204055 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_osti_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_2474752</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A814387991</galeid><sourcerecordid>A814387991</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c268t-93b563b5c8955be1f2ec661aa35304038384a96053e2ab5cef8e5928889f12023</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptkcFuGyEURVHVSo1cf0E3qF1PysAwhmXkJk4lS6lUW10izLyxicaQACPLH5L_zXOniywCQqCny-FyHyFfa3YthGY_YABXUgze5Vpw1jApP5Arzha60lzzj2_On8k850eGQ9dCCXZFXjax2IH-jidI9M66EhP9c7Sp0GUMJWGBnnw50OV5h4JV8h1djTZ1dJt92NOfPpfkd2OBjq6h26NmA-4Q4hD3Z9oj7PafO-_wkW3xgy_niTJRx1ziEVL1cApI-OtDhybS8Qv51Nshw_z_PiPbu9vN8r5aP6x-LW_WleOtKpUWO9nickpLuYO65-DatrZWSIE54A9VY3XLpABuUQa9Aqm5Ukr3NWdczMi3iRtz8SY7X9C8iyGgZ8ObRbOQF9H3SfSU4vMIuZjHOKaAvoxAStvwRrWoup5UezuA8aGPl_RwdnD0iITeY_1G1Y1QC43xz4iYLrgUc07Qm6fkMfmzqZm5NNa801jxCi8VmUg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3120642486</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Total Power Factor Smart Contract with Cyber Grid Guard Using Distributed Ledger Technology for Electrical Utility Grid with Customer-Owned Wind Farm</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><creator>Piesciorovsky, Emilio C. ; Hahn, Gary ; Borges Hink, Raymond ; Werth, Aaron</creator><creatorcontrib>Piesciorovsky, Emilio C. ; Hahn, Gary ; Borges Hink, Raymond ; Werth, Aaron ; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)</creatorcontrib><description>In modern electrical grids, the numbers of customer-owned distributed energy resources (DERs) have increased, and consequently, so have the numbers of points of common coupling (PCC) between the electrical grid and customer-owned DERs. The disruptive operation of and out-of-tolerance outputs from DERs, especially owned DERs, present a risk to power system operations. A common protective measure is to use relays located at the PCC to isolate poorly behaving or out-of-tolerance DERs from the grid. Ensuring the integrity of the data from these relays at the PCC is vital, and blockchain technology could enhance the security of modern electrical grids by providing an accurate means to translate operational constraints into actions/commands for relays. This study demonstrates an advanced power system application solution using distributed ledger technology (DLT) with smart contracts to manage the relay operation at the PCC. The smart contract defines the allowable total power factor (TPF) of the DER output, and the terms of the smart contract are implemented using DLT with a Cyber Grid Guard (CGG) system for a customer-owned DER (wind farm). This article presents flowcharts for the TPF smart contract implemented by the CGG using DLT. The test scenarios were implemented using a real-time simulator containing a CGG system and relay in-the-loop. The data collected from the CGG system were used to execute the TPF smart contract. The desired TPF limits on the grid-side were between +0.9 and +1.0, and the operation of the breakers in the electrical grid and DER sides was controlled by the relay consistent with the provisions of the smart contract. The events from the real-time simulator, CGG, and relay showed a successful implementation of the TPF smart contract with CGG using DLT, proving the efficacy of this approach in general for implementing electrical grid applications for utilities with connections to customer-owned DERs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2079-9292</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2079-9292</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/electronics13204055</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Blockchain ; Buildings and facilities ; Contracts ; Customers ; cyber security ; Cybersecurity ; Data encryption ; Data integrity ; Digital signatures ; Distributed ledger ; distributed ledger technology ; Electric power grids ; Electric transformers ; Electric utilities ; Electricity distribution ; Energy industry ; Energy sources ; Force and energy ; Instrument industry ; Laboratories ; Power factor ; power system ; Real time operation ; Relay ; relays ; Safety and security measures ; Simulation ; smart contract ; Software ; Systems stability ; Wind farms ; Wind power</subject><ispartof>Electronics (Basel), 2024-10, Vol.13 (20), p.4055</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c268t-93b563b5c8955be1f2ec661aa35304038384a96053e2ab5cef8e5928889f12023</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2416-9594 ; 0000-0001-5852-9765 ; 0000000158529765 ; 0000000224169594</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2474752$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Piesciorovsky, Emilio C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hahn, Gary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borges Hink, Raymond</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Werth, Aaron</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Total Power Factor Smart Contract with Cyber Grid Guard Using Distributed Ledger Technology for Electrical Utility Grid with Customer-Owned Wind Farm</title><title>Electronics (Basel)</title><description>In modern electrical grids, the numbers of customer-owned distributed energy resources (DERs) have increased, and consequently, so have the numbers of points of common coupling (PCC) between the electrical grid and customer-owned DERs. The disruptive operation of and out-of-tolerance outputs from DERs, especially owned DERs, present a risk to power system operations. A common protective measure is to use relays located at the PCC to isolate poorly behaving or out-of-tolerance DERs from the grid. Ensuring the integrity of the data from these relays at the PCC is vital, and blockchain technology could enhance the security of modern electrical grids by providing an accurate means to translate operational constraints into actions/commands for relays. This study demonstrates an advanced power system application solution using distributed ledger technology (DLT) with smart contracts to manage the relay operation at the PCC. The smart contract defines the allowable total power factor (TPF) of the DER output, and the terms of the smart contract are implemented using DLT with a Cyber Grid Guard (CGG) system for a customer-owned DER (wind farm). This article presents flowcharts for the TPF smart contract implemented by the CGG using DLT. The test scenarios were implemented using a real-time simulator containing a CGG system and relay in-the-loop. The data collected from the CGG system were used to execute the TPF smart contract. The desired TPF limits on the grid-side were between +0.9 and +1.0, and the operation of the breakers in the electrical grid and DER sides was controlled by the relay consistent with the provisions of the smart contract. The events from the real-time simulator, CGG, and relay showed a successful implementation of the TPF smart contract with CGG using DLT, proving the efficacy of this approach in general for implementing electrical grid applications for utilities with connections to customer-owned DERs.</description><subject>Blockchain</subject><subject>Buildings and facilities</subject><subject>Contracts</subject><subject>Customers</subject><subject>cyber security</subject><subject>Cybersecurity</subject><subject>Data encryption</subject><subject>Data integrity</subject><subject>Digital signatures</subject><subject>Distributed ledger</subject><subject>distributed ledger technology</subject><subject>Electric power grids</subject><subject>Electric transformers</subject><subject>Electric utilities</subject><subject>Electricity distribution</subject><subject>Energy industry</subject><subject>Energy sources</subject><subject>Force and energy</subject><subject>Instrument industry</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Power factor</subject><subject>power system</subject><subject>Real time operation</subject><subject>Relay</subject><subject>relays</subject><subject>Safety and security measures</subject><subject>Simulation</subject><subject>smart contract</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Systems stability</subject><subject>Wind farms</subject><subject>Wind power</subject><issn>2079-9292</issn><issn>2079-9292</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNptkcFuGyEURVHVSo1cf0E3qF1PysAwhmXkJk4lS6lUW10izLyxicaQACPLH5L_zXOniywCQqCny-FyHyFfa3YthGY_YABXUgze5Vpw1jApP5Arzha60lzzj2_On8k850eGQ9dCCXZFXjax2IH-jidI9M66EhP9c7Sp0GUMJWGBnnw50OV5h4JV8h1djTZ1dJt92NOfPpfkd2OBjq6h26NmA-4Q4hD3Z9oj7PafO-_wkW3xgy_niTJRx1ziEVL1cApI-OtDhybS8Qv51Nshw_z_PiPbu9vN8r5aP6x-LW_WleOtKpUWO9nickpLuYO65-DatrZWSIE54A9VY3XLpABuUQa9Aqm5Ukr3NWdczMi3iRtz8SY7X9C8iyGgZ8ObRbOQF9H3SfSU4vMIuZjHOKaAvoxAStvwRrWoup5UezuA8aGPl_RwdnD0iITeY_1G1Y1QC43xz4iYLrgUc07Qm6fkMfmzqZm5NNa801jxCi8VmUg</recordid><startdate>20241015</startdate><enddate>20241015</enddate><creator>Piesciorovsky, Emilio C.</creator><creator>Hahn, Gary</creator><creator>Borges Hink, Raymond</creator><creator>Werth, Aaron</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>OIOZB</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2416-9594</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-9765</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000158529765</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000224169594</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241015</creationdate><title>Total Power Factor Smart Contract with Cyber Grid Guard Using Distributed Ledger Technology for Electrical Utility Grid with Customer-Owned Wind Farm</title><author>Piesciorovsky, Emilio C. ; Hahn, Gary ; Borges Hink, Raymond ; Werth, Aaron</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c268t-93b563b5c8955be1f2ec661aa35304038384a96053e2ab5cef8e5928889f12023</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Blockchain</topic><topic>Buildings and facilities</topic><topic>Contracts</topic><topic>Customers</topic><topic>cyber security</topic><topic>Cybersecurity</topic><topic>Data encryption</topic><topic>Data integrity</topic><topic>Digital signatures</topic><topic>Distributed ledger</topic><topic>distributed ledger technology</topic><topic>Electric power grids</topic><topic>Electric transformers</topic><topic>Electric utilities</topic><topic>Electricity distribution</topic><topic>Energy industry</topic><topic>Energy sources</topic><topic>Force and energy</topic><topic>Instrument industry</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Power factor</topic><topic>power system</topic><topic>Real time operation</topic><topic>Relay</topic><topic>relays</topic><topic>Safety and security measures</topic><topic>Simulation</topic><topic>smart contract</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Systems stability</topic><topic>Wind farms</topic><topic>Wind power</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Piesciorovsky, Emilio C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hahn, Gary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borges Hink, Raymond</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Werth, Aaron</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV - Hybrid</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Electronics (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Piesciorovsky, Emilio C.</au><au>Hahn, Gary</au><au>Borges Hink, Raymond</au><au>Werth, Aaron</au><aucorp>Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Total Power Factor Smart Contract with Cyber Grid Guard Using Distributed Ledger Technology for Electrical Utility Grid with Customer-Owned Wind Farm</atitle><jtitle>Electronics (Basel)</jtitle><date>2024-10-15</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>20</issue><spage>4055</spage><pages>4055-</pages><issn>2079-9292</issn><eissn>2079-9292</eissn><abstract>In modern electrical grids, the numbers of customer-owned distributed energy resources (DERs) have increased, and consequently, so have the numbers of points of common coupling (PCC) between the electrical grid and customer-owned DERs. The disruptive operation of and out-of-tolerance outputs from DERs, especially owned DERs, present a risk to power system operations. A common protective measure is to use relays located at the PCC to isolate poorly behaving or out-of-tolerance DERs from the grid. Ensuring the integrity of the data from these relays at the PCC is vital, and blockchain technology could enhance the security of modern electrical grids by providing an accurate means to translate operational constraints into actions/commands for relays. This study demonstrates an advanced power system application solution using distributed ledger technology (DLT) with smart contracts to manage the relay operation at the PCC. The smart contract defines the allowable total power factor (TPF) of the DER output, and the terms of the smart contract are implemented using DLT with a Cyber Grid Guard (CGG) system for a customer-owned DER (wind farm). This article presents flowcharts for the TPF smart contract implemented by the CGG using DLT. The test scenarios were implemented using a real-time simulator containing a CGG system and relay in-the-loop. The data collected from the CGG system were used to execute the TPF smart contract. The desired TPF limits on the grid-side were between +0.9 and +1.0, and the operation of the breakers in the electrical grid and DER sides was controlled by the relay consistent with the provisions of the smart contract. The events from the real-time simulator, CGG, and relay showed a successful implementation of the TPF smart contract with CGG using DLT, proving the efficacy of this approach in general for implementing electrical grid applications for utilities with connections to customer-owned DERs.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/electronics13204055</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2416-9594</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-9765</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000158529765</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000224169594</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2079-9292 |
| ispartof | Electronics (Basel), 2024-10, Vol.13 (20), p.4055 |
| issn | 2079-9292 2079-9292 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_osti_scitechconnect_2474752 |
| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Blockchain Buildings and facilities Contracts Customers cyber security Cybersecurity Data encryption Data integrity Digital signatures Distributed ledger distributed ledger technology Electric power grids Electric transformers Electric utilities Electricity distribution Energy industry Energy sources Force and energy Instrument industry Laboratories Power factor power system Real time operation Relay relays Safety and security measures Simulation smart contract Software Systems stability Wind farms Wind power |
| title | Total Power Factor Smart Contract with Cyber Grid Guard Using Distributed Ledger Technology for Electrical Utility Grid with Customer-Owned Wind Farm |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-02T00%3A22%3A52IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_osti_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Total%20Power%20Factor%20Smart%20Contract%20with%20Cyber%20Grid%20Guard%20Using%20Distributed%20Ledger%20Technology%20for%20Electrical%20Utility%20Grid%20with%20Customer-Owned%20Wind%20Farm&rft.jtitle=Electronics%20(Basel)&rft.au=Piesciorovsky,%20Emilio%20C.&rft.aucorp=Oak%20Ridge%20National%20Laboratory%20(ORNL),%20Oak%20Ridge,%20TN%20(United%20States)&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=20&rft.spage=4055&rft.pages=4055-&rft.issn=2079-9292&rft.eissn=2079-9292&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/electronics13204055&rft_dat=%3Cgale_osti_%3EA814387991%3C/gale_osti_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=3120642486&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A814387991&rfr_iscdi=true |