Giant energy storage and power density negative capacitance superlattices

Dielectric electrostatic capacitors 1 , because of their ultrafast charge–discharge, are desirable for high-power energy storage applications. Along with ultrafast operation, on-chip integration can enable miniaturized energy storage devices for emerging autonomous microelectronics and microsystems 2 – 5 . Moreover, state-of-the-art miniaturized electrochemical energy storage systems—microsupercapacitors and microbatteries—currently face safety, packaging, materials and microfabrication challenges preventing on-chip technological readiness 2 , 3 , 6 , leaving an opportunity for electrostatic microcapacitors. Here we report record-high electrostatic energy storage density (ESD) and power density, to our knowledge, in HfO 2 –ZrO 2 -based thin film microcapacitors integrated into silicon, through a three-pronged approach. First, to increase intrinsic energy storage, atomic-layer-deposited antiferroelectric HfO 2 –ZrO 2 films are engineered near a field-driven ferroelectric phase transition to exhibit amplified charge storage by the negative capacitance effect 7 – 12 , which enhances volumetric ESD beyond the best-known back-end-of-the-line-compatible dielectrics (115 J cm −3 ) (ref. 13 ). Second, to increase total energy storage, antiferroelectric superlattice engineering 14 scales the energy storage performance beyond the conventional thickness limitations of HfO 2 –ZrO 2 -based (anti)ferroelectricity 15 (100-nm regime). Third, to increase the storage per footprint, the superlattices are conformally integrated into three-dimensional capacitors, which boosts the areal ESD nine times and the areal power density 170 times that of the best-known electrostatic capacitors: 80 mJ cm −2 and 300 kW cm −2 , respectively. This simultaneous demonstration of ultrahigh energy density and power density overcomes the traditional capacity–speed trade-off across the electrostatic–electrochemical energy storage hierarchy 1 , 16 . Furthermore, the integration of ultrahigh-density and ultrafast-charging thin films within a back-end-of-the-line-compatible process enables monolithic integration of on-chip microcapacitors 5 , which can unlock substantial energy storage and power delivery performance for electronic microsystems 17 – 19 . Using a three-pronged approach — spanning field-driven negative capacitance stabilization to increase intrinsic energy storage, antiferroelectric superlattice engineering to increase total energy storage, and conformal three-dimensional deposition