Reduced graphene oxide catalytically enhances the rate of cyanate ester curing under variable frequency microwave heating
Abstract The curing of Lonza Primaset PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester resin and EPON 826 bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether were investigated using convective thermal heating and variable frequency microwave (VFM) heating. The addition of 1 part per hundred reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) to PT‐30 novolac cyana...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of applied polymer science 2023-03, Vol.140 (21) |
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| container_title | Journal of applied polymer science |
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| creator | Warner, Matthew Jeng, Tiffany Ayar, Sonya Sekhar, Shraddha Marin, Delfina Engler, Anthony Coverdell, Danielle Ham, Jackson Kohl, Paul |
| description | Abstract
The curing of Lonza Primaset PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester resin and EPON 826 bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether were investigated using convective thermal heating and variable frequency microwave (VFM) heating. The addition of 1 part per hundred reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) to PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester increased the VFM cure rate compared to thermal heating. Curing it at 160°C for 240 min with VFM heating resulted in a 55% degree of cure compared to a 26% degree of cure with thermal heating. This observed VFM rate enhancement is due to selective microwave heating of the r‐GO particles in the resin resulting in increased r‐GO catalytic activity toward cyanate ester curing. It is both a thermal and catalytic effect, the latter of which is absent when r‐GO is added to a bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether resin with
o
‐phenylenediamine hardener. Impurities present in the PT‐30 matrix do not appear to contribute to its overall cure kinetics, nor do they participate in the observed VFM rate enhancement. |
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The curing of Lonza Primaset PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester resin and EPON 826 bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether were investigated using convective thermal heating and variable frequency microwave (VFM) heating. The addition of 1 part per hundred reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) to PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester increased the VFM cure rate compared to thermal heating. Curing it at 160°C for 240 min with VFM heating resulted in a 55% degree of cure compared to a 26% degree of cure with thermal heating. This observed VFM rate enhancement is due to selective microwave heating of the r‐GO particles in the resin resulting in increased r‐GO catalytic activity toward cyanate ester curing. It is both a thermal and catalytic effect, the latter of which is absent when r‐GO is added to a bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether resin with
o
‐phenylenediamine hardener. Impurities present in the PT‐30 matrix do not appear to contribute to its overall cure kinetics, nor do they participate in the observed VFM rate enhancement.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8995</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley</publisher><subject>catalyst ; curing ; cyanate ester ; epoxy ; graphene oxide ; MATERIALS SCIENCE ; microwave ; Polymer Science ; thermoset ; variable frequency microwave</subject><ispartof>Journal of applied polymer science, 2023-03, Vol.140 (21)</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><orcidid>0000000162673647</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2417753$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Warner, Matthew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeng, Tiffany</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayar, Sonya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sekhar, Shraddha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marin, Delfina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engler, Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coverdell, Danielle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ham, Jackson</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kohl, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>US Department of the Navy, Washington, DC (United States)</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Reduced graphene oxide catalytically enhances the rate of cyanate ester curing under variable frequency microwave heating</title><title>Journal of applied polymer science</title><description>Abstract
The curing of Lonza Primaset PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester resin and EPON 826 bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether were investigated using convective thermal heating and variable frequency microwave (VFM) heating. The addition of 1 part per hundred reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) to PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester increased the VFM cure rate compared to thermal heating. Curing it at 160°C for 240 min with VFM heating resulted in a 55% degree of cure compared to a 26% degree of cure with thermal heating. This observed VFM rate enhancement is due to selective microwave heating of the r‐GO particles in the resin resulting in increased r‐GO catalytic activity toward cyanate ester curing. It is both a thermal and catalytic effect, the latter of which is absent when r‐GO is added to a bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether resin with
o
‐phenylenediamine hardener. Impurities present in the PT‐30 matrix do not appear to contribute to its overall cure kinetics, nor do they participate in the observed VFM rate enhancement.</description><subject>catalyst</subject><subject>curing</subject><subject>cyanate ester</subject><subject>epoxy</subject><subject>graphene oxide</subject><subject>MATERIALS SCIENCE</subject><subject>microwave</subject><subject>Polymer Science</subject><subject>thermoset</subject><subject>variable frequency microwave</subject><issn>0021-8995</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNystOwzAQhWEvQGqBvsOIfSWnJb2sEYg1Yl8Nk5PalTsBe1Lw2xMkHoDV-Y_0Xbm596tmudvv25m7KeXkfdO0fjN39RXdKOjomPkjQEHDd-xAwsapWhROqRI0sAoKWQBltkn1JJX1N1EMmWTMUY80ajedC-fI7wnUZ3yOUKl0jpKHL76AAtgmeueue04Fi7-9dffPT2-PL8uhWDwUiQYJMqhC7LB6aLbbdr3-F_oBOaROnA</recordid><startdate>20230321</startdate><enddate>20230321</enddate><creator>Warner, Matthew</creator><creator>Jeng, Tiffany</creator><creator>Ayar, Sonya</creator><creator>Sekhar, Shraddha</creator><creator>Marin, Delfina</creator><creator>Engler, Anthony</creator><creator>Coverdell, Danielle</creator><creator>Ham, Jackson</creator><creator>Kohl, Paul</creator><general>Wiley</general><scope>OIOZB</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000162673647</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230321</creationdate><title>Reduced graphene oxide catalytically enhances the rate of cyanate ester curing under variable frequency microwave heating</title><author>Warner, Matthew ; Jeng, Tiffany ; Ayar, Sonya ; Sekhar, Shraddha ; Marin, Delfina ; Engler, Anthony ; Coverdell, Danielle ; Ham, Jackson ; Kohl, Paul</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-osti_scitechconnect_24177533</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>catalyst</topic><topic>curing</topic><topic>cyanate ester</topic><topic>epoxy</topic><topic>graphene oxide</topic><topic>MATERIALS SCIENCE</topic><topic>microwave</topic><topic>Polymer Science</topic><topic>thermoset</topic><topic>variable frequency microwave</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Warner, Matthew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeng, Tiffany</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayar, Sonya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sekhar, Shraddha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marin, Delfina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Engler, Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coverdell, Danielle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ham, Jackson</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kohl, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>US Department of the Navy, Washington, DC (United States)</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)</creatorcontrib><collection>OSTI.GOV - Hybrid</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Journal of applied polymer science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Warner, Matthew</au><au>Jeng, Tiffany</au><au>Ayar, Sonya</au><au>Sekhar, Shraddha</au><au>Marin, Delfina</au><au>Engler, Anthony</au><au>Coverdell, Danielle</au><au>Ham, Jackson</au><au>Kohl, Paul</au><aucorp>US Department of the Navy, Washington, DC (United States)</aucorp><aucorp>Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Reduced graphene oxide catalytically enhances the rate of cyanate ester curing under variable frequency microwave heating</atitle><jtitle>Journal of applied polymer science</jtitle><date>2023-03-21</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>140</volume><issue>21</issue><issn>0021-8995</issn><abstract>Abstract
The curing of Lonza Primaset PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester resin and EPON 826 bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether were investigated using convective thermal heating and variable frequency microwave (VFM) heating. The addition of 1 part per hundred reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) to PT‐30 novolac cyanate ester increased the VFM cure rate compared to thermal heating. Curing it at 160°C for 240 min with VFM heating resulted in a 55% degree of cure compared to a 26% degree of cure with thermal heating. This observed VFM rate enhancement is due to selective microwave heating of the r‐GO particles in the resin resulting in increased r‐GO catalytic activity toward cyanate ester curing. It is both a thermal and catalytic effect, the latter of which is absent when r‐GO is added to a bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether resin with
o
‐phenylenediamine hardener. Impurities present in the PT‐30 matrix do not appear to contribute to its overall cure kinetics, nor do they participate in the observed VFM rate enhancement.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley</pub><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000162673647</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
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| source | Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | catalyst curing cyanate ester epoxy graphene oxide MATERIALS SCIENCE microwave Polymer Science thermoset variable frequency microwave |
| title | Reduced graphene oxide catalytically enhances the rate of cyanate ester curing under variable frequency microwave heating |
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