Characteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement
Purpose: In this study, the relevant characteristics of the new Gafchromic XRQA2 film for its application in measuring kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image doses were thoroughly investigated. Methods: The film was calibrated free in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 9 cGy using 120 kVp...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Medical physics (Lancaster) 2012-02, Vol.39 (2), p.842-850 |
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| creator | Giaddui, Tawfik Cui, Yunfeng Galvin, James Chen, Wenzhou Yu, Yan Xiao, Ying |
| description | Purpose:
In this study, the relevant characteristics of the new Gafchromic XRQA2 film for its application in measuring kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image doses were thoroughly investigated.
Methods:
The film was calibrated free in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 9 cGy using 120 kVp photon beams produced by the x-ray volume imager. Films were scanned using transmission and reflection scanning modes with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. The impact of film size, region of interest for the analysis, scan uniformity, scan resolution, scan orientation and alternate scanning sides on the analysis process were investigated. Energy dependence, postirradiation growth of reflectance with time and irradiation angular dependence of the film were tested at different air kerma levels.
Results:
The net reflectance changed by ∼3% when the size of the film piece changed from 1 cm × 2 cm to 10 cm × 11 cm and changed by ∼1% when ROI changed from 0. 7 cm × 0. 7 cm to 8 cm × 8 cm, suggesting a good uniformity of the film. The film was successfully analyzed using the transmission scanning mode, calibration curves from both transmission and reflection scanning modes showed similar behavior. The calibration uncertainty was somewhat lower when the film was scanned using reflection mode (6% and 8% for reflection and transmission modes, respectively.) Higher scanning resolution came with increasing calibration uncertainty. The calibration uncertainty for reflection and transmission modes increased from ∼3.5% to 7% and from ∼3.5% to 9%, respectively when scanning resolution was changed from 50 to 400 dpi. Scanning the film on alternate sides using transmission mode led to variation of 16%–19% in the net optical density at doses commonly used for CBCT procedures. The film response changed by almost 10% when it was exposed to beams of two different energies (100 and 120 kVp.) Other features of the film such as film orientation, postexposure growth, and irradiation angular dependence were also investigated.
Conclusions:
The size of film piece and analysis ROI used for calibration slightly affected the film response. Both transmission and reflection scanning modes can be used to analyze the Gafchromic XRQA2, with the reflection mode having a somewhat lower calibration uncertainty. Scanning films on alternate sides using transmission mode significantly affects the optical density. The film response was shown to be energy dependent. The films reached |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1118/1.3675398 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_osti_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_22098763</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>921145793</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5078-3303a78482f8229a2f18d49b5426300dc03a706a622204cb0cc65cf3cdb4928e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kFFrFDEUhUOxtNvah_4BCfggFKbe3GRmkhehLLoKLbaipW8hm0nc6MxkTWYr_ffOsFsRpT7dh_udc-49hJwyOGeMydfsnFd1yZXcIzMUNS8EgnpGZgBKFCigPCRHOX8DgIqXcEAOETlCrcSMLOYrk4wdXAp5CDbT6OnCeLtKsQuW3n26uUDqQ9tl6mOi329p6MxXR5uYHe2cyZvkOtcPz8m-N212J7t5TL68e_t5_r64_Lj4ML-4LGwJtSw4B25qKSR6iagMeiYboZalwIoDNHZaQ2UqRARhl2BtVVrPbbMUCqXjx-Tl1jeO5-psw-Dsysa-d3bQo0bJuuIj9WpLrVP8sXF50F3I1rWt6V3cZK2QMVHWaiJf7MjNsnONXqfxv_SgHxsagWIL_Ayte_i9Z6Cn6jXTu-r11fU0Rv7Nlp9uM0OI_dOav7rX0evFaHD2lMF9TH8Erhv_P_ifNP4Lnj6jRg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>921145793</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Characteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Access via Wiley Online Library</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Giaddui, Tawfik ; Cui, Yunfeng ; Galvin, James ; Chen, Wenzhou ; Yu, Yan ; Xiao, Ying</creator><creatorcontrib>Giaddui, Tawfik ; Cui, Yunfeng ; Galvin, James ; Chen, Wenzhou ; Yu, Yan ; Xiao, Ying</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose:
In this study, the relevant characteristics of the new Gafchromic XRQA2 film for its application in measuring kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image doses were thoroughly investigated.
Methods:
The film was calibrated free in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 9 cGy using 120 kVp photon beams produced by the x-ray volume imager. Films were scanned using transmission and reflection scanning modes with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. The impact of film size, region of interest for the analysis, scan uniformity, scan resolution, scan orientation and alternate scanning sides on the analysis process were investigated. Energy dependence, postirradiation growth of reflectance with time and irradiation angular dependence of the film were tested at different air kerma levels.
Results:
The net reflectance changed by ∼3% when the size of the film piece changed from 1 cm × 2 cm to 10 cm × 11 cm and changed by ∼1% when ROI changed from 0. 7 cm × 0. 7 cm to 8 cm × 8 cm, suggesting a good uniformity of the film. The film was successfully analyzed using the transmission scanning mode, calibration curves from both transmission and reflection scanning modes showed similar behavior. The calibration uncertainty was somewhat lower when the film was scanned using reflection mode (6% and 8% for reflection and transmission modes, respectively.) Higher scanning resolution came with increasing calibration uncertainty. The calibration uncertainty for reflection and transmission modes increased from ∼3.5% to 7% and from ∼3.5% to 9%, respectively when scanning resolution was changed from 50 to 400 dpi. Scanning the film on alternate sides using transmission mode led to variation of 16%–19% in the net optical density at doses commonly used for CBCT procedures. The film response changed by almost 10% when it was exposed to beams of two different energies (100 and 120 kVp.) Other features of the film such as film orientation, postexposure growth, and irradiation angular dependence were also investigated.
Conclusions:
The size of film piece and analysis ROI used for calibration slightly affected the film response. Both transmission and reflection scanning modes can be used to analyze the Gafchromic XRQA2, with the reflection mode having a somewhat lower calibration uncertainty. Scanning films on alternate sides using transmission mode significantly affects the optical density. The film response was shown to be energy dependent. The films reached stability in about 6 h after exposure. The film response was proven to be independent of irradiation angle except when the beam is parallel to the film surface.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0094-2405</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2473-4209</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1118/1.3675398</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22320794</identifier><identifier>CODEN: MPHYA6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Association of Physicists in Medicine</publisher><subject>Calibrating of instruments or apparatus ; CALIBRATION ; Computed tomography ; Computerised tomographs ; computerised tomography ; COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY ; Cone beam computed tomography ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; DOSEMETERS ; dosimeters ; DOSIMETRY ; Dosimetry/exposure assessment ; ENERGY DEPENDENCE ; Equipment Design ; Equipment Failure Analysis ; Film Dosimetry - instrumentation ; Image analysis ; Image scanners ; IRRADIATION ; KERMA ; kV image dose ; Medical imaging ; Medical X‐ray imaging ; PHOTON BEAMS ; Radiation Dosage ; RADIATION DOSES ; RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY ; radiochromic films ; RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spatial resolution ; Standards and calibration ; SURFACES ; Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00 ; Thin film structure ; Thin films ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - instrumentation ; TRANSMISSION ; X RADIATION ; XRQA2 ; X‐ray imaging ; X‐ray reflection</subject><ispartof>Medical physics (Lancaster), 2012-02, Vol.39 (2), p.842-850</ispartof><rights>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</rights><rights>2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5078-3303a78482f8229a2f18d49b5426300dc03a706a622204cb0cc65cf3cdb4928e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5078-3303a78482f8229a2f18d49b5426300dc03a706a622204cb0cc65cf3cdb4928e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1118%2F1.3675398$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1118%2F1.3675398$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22320794$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/22098763$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Giaddui, Tawfik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Yunfeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galvin, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Wenzhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Yan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Ying</creatorcontrib><title>Characteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement</title><title>Medical physics (Lancaster)</title><addtitle>Med Phys</addtitle><description>Purpose:
In this study, the relevant characteristics of the new Gafchromic XRQA2 film for its application in measuring kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image doses were thoroughly investigated.
Methods:
The film was calibrated free in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 9 cGy using 120 kVp photon beams produced by the x-ray volume imager. Films were scanned using transmission and reflection scanning modes with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. The impact of film size, region of interest for the analysis, scan uniformity, scan resolution, scan orientation and alternate scanning sides on the analysis process were investigated. Energy dependence, postirradiation growth of reflectance with time and irradiation angular dependence of the film were tested at different air kerma levels.
Results:
The net reflectance changed by ∼3% when the size of the film piece changed from 1 cm × 2 cm to 10 cm × 11 cm and changed by ∼1% when ROI changed from 0. 7 cm × 0. 7 cm to 8 cm × 8 cm, suggesting a good uniformity of the film. The film was successfully analyzed using the transmission scanning mode, calibration curves from both transmission and reflection scanning modes showed similar behavior. The calibration uncertainty was somewhat lower when the film was scanned using reflection mode (6% and 8% for reflection and transmission modes, respectively.) Higher scanning resolution came with increasing calibration uncertainty. The calibration uncertainty for reflection and transmission modes increased from ∼3.5% to 7% and from ∼3.5% to 9%, respectively when scanning resolution was changed from 50 to 400 dpi. Scanning the film on alternate sides using transmission mode led to variation of 16%–19% in the net optical density at doses commonly used for CBCT procedures. The film response changed by almost 10% when it was exposed to beams of two different energies (100 and 120 kVp.) Other features of the film such as film orientation, postexposure growth, and irradiation angular dependence were also investigated.
Conclusions:
The size of film piece and analysis ROI used for calibration slightly affected the film response. Both transmission and reflection scanning modes can be used to analyze the Gafchromic XRQA2, with the reflection mode having a somewhat lower calibration uncertainty. Scanning films on alternate sides using transmission mode significantly affects the optical density. The film response was shown to be energy dependent. The films reached stability in about 6 h after exposure. The film response was proven to be independent of irradiation angle except when the beam is parallel to the film surface.</description><subject>Calibrating of instruments or apparatus</subject><subject>CALIBRATION</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Computerised tomographs</subject><subject>computerised tomography</subject><subject>COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY</subject><subject>Cone beam computed tomography</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</subject><subject>DOSEMETERS</subject><subject>dosimeters</subject><subject>DOSIMETRY</subject><subject>Dosimetry/exposure assessment</subject><subject>ENERGY DEPENDENCE</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Equipment Failure Analysis</subject><subject>Film Dosimetry - instrumentation</subject><subject>Image analysis</subject><subject>Image scanners</subject><subject>IRRADIATION</subject><subject>KERMA</subject><subject>kV image dose</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medical X‐ray imaging</subject><subject>PHOTON BEAMS</subject><subject>Radiation Dosage</subject><subject>RADIATION DOSES</subject><subject>RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY</subject><subject>radiochromic films</subject><subject>RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Spatial resolution</subject><subject>Standards and calibration</subject><subject>SURFACES</subject><subject>Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00</subject><subject>Thin film structure</subject><subject>Thin films</subject><subject>Tomography, X-Ray Computed - instrumentation</subject><subject>TRANSMISSION</subject><subject>X RADIATION</subject><subject>XRQA2</subject><subject>X‐ray imaging</subject><subject>X‐ray reflection</subject><issn>0094-2405</issn><issn>2473-4209</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kFFrFDEUhUOxtNvah_4BCfggFKbe3GRmkhehLLoKLbaipW8hm0nc6MxkTWYr_ffOsFsRpT7dh_udc-49hJwyOGeMydfsnFd1yZXcIzMUNS8EgnpGZgBKFCigPCRHOX8DgIqXcEAOETlCrcSMLOYrk4wdXAp5CDbT6OnCeLtKsQuW3n26uUDqQ9tl6mOi329p6MxXR5uYHe2cyZvkOtcPz8m-N212J7t5TL68e_t5_r64_Lj4ML-4LGwJtSw4B25qKSR6iagMeiYboZalwIoDNHZaQ2UqRARhl2BtVVrPbbMUCqXjx-Tl1jeO5-psw-Dsysa-d3bQo0bJuuIj9WpLrVP8sXF50F3I1rWt6V3cZK2QMVHWaiJf7MjNsnONXqfxv_SgHxsagWIL_Ayte_i9Z6Cn6jXTu-r11fU0Rv7Nlp9uM0OI_dOav7rX0evFaHD2lMF9TH8Erhv_P_ifNP4Lnj6jRg</recordid><startdate>201202</startdate><enddate>201202</enddate><creator>Giaddui, Tawfik</creator><creator>Cui, Yunfeng</creator><creator>Galvin, James</creator><creator>Chen, Wenzhou</creator><creator>Yu, Yan</creator><creator>Xiao, Ying</creator><general>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201202</creationdate><title>Characteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement</title><author>Giaddui, Tawfik ; Cui, Yunfeng ; Galvin, James ; Chen, Wenzhou ; Yu, Yan ; Xiao, Ying</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5078-3303a78482f8229a2f18d49b5426300dc03a706a622204cb0cc65cf3cdb4928e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Calibrating of instruments or apparatus</topic><topic>CALIBRATION</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Computerised tomographs</topic><topic>computerised tomography</topic><topic>COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY</topic><topic>Cone beam computed tomography</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</topic><topic>DOSEMETERS</topic><topic>dosimeters</topic><topic>DOSIMETRY</topic><topic>Dosimetry/exposure assessment</topic><topic>ENERGY DEPENDENCE</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>Equipment Failure Analysis</topic><topic>Film Dosimetry - instrumentation</topic><topic>Image analysis</topic><topic>Image scanners</topic><topic>IRRADIATION</topic><topic>KERMA</topic><topic>kV image dose</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Medical X‐ray imaging</topic><topic>PHOTON BEAMS</topic><topic>Radiation Dosage</topic><topic>RADIATION DOSES</topic><topic>RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY</topic><topic>radiochromic films</topic><topic>RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Spatial resolution</topic><topic>Standards and calibration</topic><topic>SURFACES</topic><topic>Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00</topic><topic>Thin film structure</topic><topic>Thin films</topic><topic>Tomography, X-Ray Computed - instrumentation</topic><topic>TRANSMISSION</topic><topic>X RADIATION</topic><topic>XRQA2</topic><topic>X‐ray imaging</topic><topic>X‐ray reflection</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Giaddui, Tawfik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Yunfeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galvin, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Wenzhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Yan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Ying</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Giaddui, Tawfik</au><au>Cui, Yunfeng</au><au>Galvin, James</au><au>Chen, Wenzhou</au><au>Yu, Yan</au><au>Xiao, Ying</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Characteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement</atitle><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle><addtitle>Med Phys</addtitle><date>2012-02</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>39</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>842</spage><epage>850</epage><pages>842-850</pages><issn>0094-2405</issn><eissn>2473-4209</eissn><coden>MPHYA6</coden><abstract>Purpose:
In this study, the relevant characteristics of the new Gafchromic XRQA2 film for its application in measuring kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image doses were thoroughly investigated.
Methods:
The film was calibrated free in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 9 cGy using 120 kVp photon beams produced by the x-ray volume imager. Films were scanned using transmission and reflection scanning modes with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. The impact of film size, region of interest for the analysis, scan uniformity, scan resolution, scan orientation and alternate scanning sides on the analysis process were investigated. Energy dependence, postirradiation growth of reflectance with time and irradiation angular dependence of the film were tested at different air kerma levels.
Results:
The net reflectance changed by ∼3% when the size of the film piece changed from 1 cm × 2 cm to 10 cm × 11 cm and changed by ∼1% when ROI changed from 0. 7 cm × 0. 7 cm to 8 cm × 8 cm, suggesting a good uniformity of the film. The film was successfully analyzed using the transmission scanning mode, calibration curves from both transmission and reflection scanning modes showed similar behavior. The calibration uncertainty was somewhat lower when the film was scanned using reflection mode (6% and 8% for reflection and transmission modes, respectively.) Higher scanning resolution came with increasing calibration uncertainty. The calibration uncertainty for reflection and transmission modes increased from ∼3.5% to 7% and from ∼3.5% to 9%, respectively when scanning resolution was changed from 50 to 400 dpi. Scanning the film on alternate sides using transmission mode led to variation of 16%–19% in the net optical density at doses commonly used for CBCT procedures. The film response changed by almost 10% when it was exposed to beams of two different energies (100 and 120 kVp.) Other features of the film such as film orientation, postexposure growth, and irradiation angular dependence were also investigated.
Conclusions:
The size of film piece and analysis ROI used for calibration slightly affected the film response. Both transmission and reflection scanning modes can be used to analyze the Gafchromic XRQA2, with the reflection mode having a somewhat lower calibration uncertainty. Scanning films on alternate sides using transmission mode significantly affects the optical density. The film response was shown to be energy dependent. The films reached stability in about 6 h after exposure. The film response was proven to be independent of irradiation angle except when the beam is parallel to the film surface.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</pub><pmid>22320794</pmid><doi>10.1118/1.3675398</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Medical physics (Lancaster), 2012-02, Vol.39 (2), p.842-850 |
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| subjects | Calibrating of instruments or apparatus CALIBRATION Computed tomography Computerised tomographs computerised tomography COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY Cone beam computed tomography Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation DOSEMETERS dosimeters DOSIMETRY Dosimetry/exposure assessment ENERGY DEPENDENCE Equipment Design Equipment Failure Analysis Film Dosimetry - instrumentation Image analysis Image scanners IRRADIATION KERMA kV image dose Medical imaging Medical X‐ray imaging PHOTON BEAMS Radiation Dosage RADIATION DOSES RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY radiochromic films RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Spatial resolution Standards and calibration SURFACES Testing or calibrating of apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups G01D1/00 to G01D15/00 Thin film structure Thin films Tomography, X-Ray Computed - instrumentation TRANSMISSION X RADIATION XRQA2 X‐ray imaging X‐ray reflection |
| title | Characteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement |
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