Effect of Natural Mineral Inclusions on the Graphitizability of a Pennsylvania Anthracite
A Pennsylvania anthracite was heat-treated to temperatures in excess of 2000 °C. Carbides formed at ∼2200 °C and then decomposed at ∼2500 °C. This process aided in the graphitization of the anthracite. The carbide formation−decomposition reactions were the sole graphitization mechanism for this anth...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Energy & fuels 2009-01, Vol.23 (1), p.422-428 |
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| creator | Pappano, Peter J Schobert, Harold H |
| description | A Pennsylvania anthracite was heat-treated to temperatures in excess of 2000 °C. Carbides formed at ∼2200 °C and then decomposed at ∼2500 °C. This process aided in the graphitization of the anthracite. The carbide formation−decomposition reactions were the sole graphitization mechanism for this anthracite. This was shown by demineralizing (to remove the natural mineral inclusions) and then heat-treating the sample to 2600 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the heat-treated demineralized sample showed that the (112) peak, which is indicative of three-dimensional ordering and was previously observed in the native heat-treated anthracite, was no longer present. The demineralized anthracite was remineralized by individually adding four types of minerals (rutile, quartz, calcite, and hematite) to demineralized samples. Each of the remineralized samples was heat-treated and found to exhibit the (112) peak again. The absence of the (112) XRD peak after removal of minerals and heat treatment followed by its reappearance after remineralization and heat treatment strongly suggests that the anthracite was only graphitizable if mineral matter was present. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/ef800515r |
| format | Article |
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Carbides formed at ∼2200 °C and then decomposed at ∼2500 °C. This process aided in the graphitization of the anthracite. The carbide formation−decomposition reactions were the sole graphitization mechanism for this anthracite. This was shown by demineralizing (to remove the natural mineral inclusions) and then heat-treating the sample to 2600 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the heat-treated demineralized sample showed that the (112) peak, which is indicative of three-dimensional ordering and was previously observed in the native heat-treated anthracite, was no longer present. The demineralized anthracite was remineralized by individually adding four types of minerals (rutile, quartz, calcite, and hematite) to demineralized samples. Each of the remineralized samples was heat-treated and found to exhibit the (112) peak again. The absence of the (112) XRD peak after removal of minerals and heat treatment followed by its reappearance after remineralization and heat treatment strongly suggests that the anthracite was only graphitizable if mineral matter was present.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0887-0624</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5029</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/ef800515r</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ENFUEM</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT ; ANTHRACITE ; Applied sciences ; CARBIDES ; Coal and derived products ; DEMINERALIZATION ; Energy ; Exact sciences and technology ; Fuels ; GRAPHITIZATION ; HEAT TREATMENTS ; Materials ; MINERALS ; Processing ; X-RAY DIFFRACTION</subject><ispartof>Energy & fuels, 2009-01, Vol.23 (1), p.422-428</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society</rights><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a317t-b74027191b3a52914102a1444df182e19ef30643ceea326f1325fe7869c9603</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a317t-b74027191b3a52914102a1444df182e19ef30643ceea326f1325fe7869c9603</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ef800515r$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef800515r$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,2765,27076,27924,27925,56738,56788</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21151352$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/21162100$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pappano, Peter J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schobert, Harold H</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Natural Mineral Inclusions on the Graphitizability of a Pennsylvania Anthracite</title><title>Energy & fuels</title><addtitle>Energy Fuels</addtitle><description>A Pennsylvania anthracite was heat-treated to temperatures in excess of 2000 °C. Carbides formed at ∼2200 °C and then decomposed at ∼2500 °C. This process aided in the graphitization of the anthracite. The carbide formation−decomposition reactions were the sole graphitization mechanism for this anthracite. This was shown by demineralizing (to remove the natural mineral inclusions) and then heat-treating the sample to 2600 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the heat-treated demineralized sample showed that the (112) peak, which is indicative of three-dimensional ordering and was previously observed in the native heat-treated anthracite, was no longer present. The demineralized anthracite was remineralized by individually adding four types of minerals (rutile, quartz, calcite, and hematite) to demineralized samples. Each of the remineralized samples was heat-treated and found to exhibit the (112) peak again. The absence of the (112) XRD peak after removal of minerals and heat treatment followed by its reappearance after remineralization and heat treatment strongly suggests that the anthracite was only graphitizable if mineral matter was present.</description><subject>01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT</subject><subject>ANTHRACITE</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>CARBIDES</subject><subject>Coal and derived products</subject><subject>DEMINERALIZATION</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Fuels</subject><subject>GRAPHITIZATION</subject><subject>HEAT TREATMENTS</subject><subject>Materials</subject><subject>MINERALS</subject><subject>Processing</subject><subject>X-RAY DIFFRACTION</subject><issn>0887-0624</issn><issn>1520-5029</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNptkE1LAzEYhIMoWKsH_8GCePCw-r7JZj-OpdRaqB-gF0_L25iwKWu2JKlQf727VOrF01yemWGGsUuEWwSOd9qUABKlP2IjlBxSCbw6ZiMoyyKFnGen7CyENQDkopQj9j4zRquYdCZ5orj11CaP1ulBF06122A7F5LOJbHRydzTprHRftPKtjbuBhclL9q5sGu_yFlKJi42npSN-pydGGqDvvjVMXu9n71NH9Ll83wxnSxTEljEdFVkwAuscCVI8gqzfgZhlmUfBkuusdJGQJ4JpTUJnhsUXBpdlHmlqhzEmF3tU7sQbR2GYtWozrl-VM0Rc44wUDd7SvkuBK9NvfH2k_yuRqiH3-rDbz17vWc3FBS1xpNTNhwMfaZEIfkfRyrU627rXb_yn7wfvE53nA</recordid><startdate>20090122</startdate><enddate>20090122</enddate><creator>Pappano, Peter J</creator><creator>Schobert, Harold H</creator><general>American Chemical Society</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090122</creationdate><title>Effect of Natural Mineral Inclusions on the Graphitizability of a Pennsylvania Anthracite</title><author>Pappano, Peter J ; Schobert, Harold H</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a317t-b74027191b3a52914102a1444df182e19ef30643ceea326f1325fe7869c9603</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT</topic><topic>ANTHRACITE</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>CARBIDES</topic><topic>Coal and derived products</topic><topic>DEMINERALIZATION</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Fuels</topic><topic>GRAPHITIZATION</topic><topic>HEAT TREATMENTS</topic><topic>Materials</topic><topic>MINERALS</topic><topic>Processing</topic><topic>X-RAY DIFFRACTION</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pappano, Peter J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schobert, Harold H</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Energy & fuels</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pappano, Peter J</au><au>Schobert, Harold H</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Natural Mineral Inclusions on the Graphitizability of a Pennsylvania Anthracite</atitle><jtitle>Energy & fuels</jtitle><addtitle>Energy Fuels</addtitle><date>2009-01-22</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>422</spage><epage>428</epage><pages>422-428</pages><issn>0887-0624</issn><eissn>1520-5029</eissn><coden>ENFUEM</coden><abstract>A Pennsylvania anthracite was heat-treated to temperatures in excess of 2000 °C. Carbides formed at ∼2200 °C and then decomposed at ∼2500 °C. This process aided in the graphitization of the anthracite. The carbide formation−decomposition reactions were the sole graphitization mechanism for this anthracite. This was shown by demineralizing (to remove the natural mineral inclusions) and then heat-treating the sample to 2600 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the heat-treated demineralized sample showed that the (112) peak, which is indicative of three-dimensional ordering and was previously observed in the native heat-treated anthracite, was no longer present. The demineralized anthracite was remineralized by individually adding four types of minerals (rutile, quartz, calcite, and hematite) to demineralized samples. Each of the remineralized samples was heat-treated and found to exhibit the (112) peak again. The absence of the (112) XRD peak after removal of minerals and heat treatment followed by its reappearance after remineralization and heat treatment strongly suggests that the anthracite was only graphitizable if mineral matter was present.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><doi>10.1021/ef800515r</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Energy & fuels, 2009-01, Vol.23 (1), p.422-428 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | American Chemical Society Journals |
| subjects | 01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT ANTHRACITE Applied sciences CARBIDES Coal and derived products DEMINERALIZATION Energy Exact sciences and technology Fuels GRAPHITIZATION HEAT TREATMENTS Materials MINERALS Processing X-RAY DIFFRACTION |
| title | Effect of Natural Mineral Inclusions on the Graphitizability of a Pennsylvania Anthracite |
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