Role of rat sodium/phosphate cotransporters in the cell membrane transport of arsenate
Inorganic arsenate (As V) is a common contaminant of underground water. Following oral exposure, it is assumed that As V is distributed and crosses cell membranes through inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters. We have tested this hypothesis by studying the inhibition of rat Na/Pi cotransporters by A...
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| description | Inorganic arsenate (As
V) is a common contaminant of underground water. Following oral exposure, it is assumed that As
V is distributed and crosses cell membranes through inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters. We have tested this hypothesis by studying the inhibition of rat Na/Pi cotransporters by As
V in
Xenopus laevis oocytes and in several rat tissues. The ubiquitously expressed type III Pi transporters (PiT-1 and PiT-2) showed a low affinity for As
V (
K
i ~
3.8 mM), similar to the Pi transport system in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (
K
i 1.5 mM). The type II renal isoforms, NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc, were also poorly inhibited by As
V (
K
i ~
1 mM), similar to the Pi transport from kidney cortex brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicles. Conversely, the high-affinity intestinal transporter, NaPi-IIb, was very efficiently inhibited with a
K
i of 51 μM, similar to the Pi transport from intestinal BBM vesicles. Taking into account the 1.1 mM Pi in blood and renal ultrafiltrate, and the nanomolar range of As
V exposures, we have determined that the contribution by Na/Pi cotransporters to As
V membrane transport is negligible, given that 10–15 mM As
V would be necessary in these fluids to be significantly transported. Intestinal transport is an exception, because Pi competition is weak, thereby considering that its concentration in lumen mainly depends on low Pi levels from ingested fresh water, and because As
V very efficiently inhibits Pi intestinal transport. Our data agree with current toxicokinetic knowledge, and they explain the asymmetric excretion of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic species into bile and urine. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.026 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_osti_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_21144128</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0041008X08002470</els_id><sourcerecordid>20961022</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-5270c9010f9633282050d5704bb84d6067b5fb27695103ab461d0fcda88ac0003</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kE1r3DAQhkVpaLZp_0APxVDam52RZMk29BJCvyAQCG3pTcjymNViW65GG-i_r8wu6a0ngeZ5h3kfxt5wqDhwfX2okrVrJQDaClQFQj9jOw6dLkFK-ZztAGpe5umvS_aS6AAAXV3zF-ySt6rVUNc79vMhTFiEsYg2FRQGf5yv132gdW8TFi6kaBdaQ0wYqfBLkfb5F6epmHHu8wyLJ2LbYiPhkpOv2MVoJ8LX5_eK_fj86fvt1_Lu_su325u70inoUqlEA64DDmOnpRStAAWDaqDu-7YeNOimV2MvGt0pDtL2teYDjG6wbWtdriOv2LvT3kDJG3I-odu7sCzokhGc57qizdSHE7XG8PuIlMzsaWuR7w9HMiI74yBEBsUJdDEQRRzNGv1s4x_DwWzOzcFszs3m3IAy2XkOvT1vP_YzDv8iZ8kZeH8GLDk7jVmY8_TECWigkZJn7uOJw2zs0WPcCuHicPBx6zME_787_gIxXp5U</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>20961022</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Role of rat sodium/phosphate cotransporters in the cell membrane transport of arsenate</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete</source><creator>Villa-Bellosta, Ricardo ; Sorribas, Víctor</creator><creatorcontrib>Villa-Bellosta, Ricardo ; Sorribas, Víctor</creatorcontrib><description>Inorganic arsenate (As
V) is a common contaminant of underground water. Following oral exposure, it is assumed that As
V is distributed and crosses cell membranes through inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters. We have tested this hypothesis by studying the inhibition of rat Na/Pi cotransporters by As
V in
Xenopus laevis oocytes and in several rat tissues. The ubiquitously expressed type III Pi transporters (PiT-1 and PiT-2) showed a low affinity for As
V (
K
i ~
3.8 mM), similar to the Pi transport system in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (
K
i 1.5 mM). The type II renal isoforms, NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc, were also poorly inhibited by As
V (
K
i ~
1 mM), similar to the Pi transport from kidney cortex brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicles. Conversely, the high-affinity intestinal transporter, NaPi-IIb, was very efficiently inhibited with a
K
i of 51 μM, similar to the Pi transport from intestinal BBM vesicles. Taking into account the 1.1 mM Pi in blood and renal ultrafiltrate, and the nanomolar range of As
V exposures, we have determined that the contribution by Na/Pi cotransporters to As
V membrane transport is negligible, given that 10–15 mM As
V would be necessary in these fluids to be significantly transported. Intestinal transport is an exception, because Pi competition is weak, thereby considering that its concentration in lumen mainly depends on low Pi levels from ingested fresh water, and because As
V very efficiently inhibits Pi intestinal transport. Our data agree with current toxicokinetic knowledge, and they explain the asymmetric excretion of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic species into bile and urine.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0041-008X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-0333</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.026</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18586044</identifier><identifier>CODEN: TXAPA9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Diego, CA: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES ; Animals ; Arsenate ; ARSENATES ; Arsenates - metabolism ; Arsenates - toxicity ; ARSENIC ; BILE ; Biological and medical sciences ; BLOOD ; Brush-border membrane vesicles ; Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens ; Cell Membrane - metabolism ; CELL MEMBRANES ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemical agents ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; FRESH WATER ; Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism ; Intestine ; Intestine, Small - metabolism ; INTESTINES ; Kidney Tubules, Proximal - metabolism ; KIDNEYS ; Kinetics ; Medical sciences ; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT ; Metals and various inorganic compounds ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle - metabolism ; Na/Pi cotransporter ; NaPi-IIa ; NaPi-IIb ; NaPi-IIc ; OOCYTES ; Phosphate transport ; Phosphonoformate ; PiT-1 ; PiT-2 ; RATS ; SODIUM PHOSPHATES ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - genetics ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - metabolism ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa - metabolism ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - antagonists & inhibitors ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - genetics ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - metabolism ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIc - metabolism ; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type III - metabolism ; SPECTROSCOPY ; Toxicokinetics ; Toxicology ; Tumors ; URINE ; Vascular smooth muscle cells ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity ; Xenopus laevis ; Xenopus laevis oocyte</subject><ispartof>Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2008-10, Vol.232 (1), p.125-134</ispartof><rights>2008 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2008 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-5270c9010f9633282050d5704bb84d6067b5fb27695103ab461d0fcda88ac0003</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-5270c9010f9633282050d5704bb84d6067b5fb27695103ab461d0fcda88ac0003</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.026$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20707331$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18586044$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/21144128$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Villa-Bellosta, Ricardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sorribas, Víctor</creatorcontrib><title>Role of rat sodium/phosphate cotransporters in the cell membrane transport of arsenate</title><title>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</title><addtitle>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</addtitle><description>Inorganic arsenate (As
V) is a common contaminant of underground water. Following oral exposure, it is assumed that As
V is distributed and crosses cell membranes through inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters. We have tested this hypothesis by studying the inhibition of rat Na/Pi cotransporters by As
V in
Xenopus laevis oocytes and in several rat tissues. The ubiquitously expressed type III Pi transporters (PiT-1 and PiT-2) showed a low affinity for As
V (
K
i ~
3.8 mM), similar to the Pi transport system in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (
K
i 1.5 mM). The type II renal isoforms, NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc, were also poorly inhibited by As
V (
K
i ~
1 mM), similar to the Pi transport from kidney cortex brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicles. Conversely, the high-affinity intestinal transporter, NaPi-IIb, was very efficiently inhibited with a
K
i of 51 μM, similar to the Pi transport from intestinal BBM vesicles. Taking into account the 1.1 mM Pi in blood and renal ultrafiltrate, and the nanomolar range of As
V exposures, we have determined that the contribution by Na/Pi cotransporters to As
V membrane transport is negligible, given that 10–15 mM As
V would be necessary in these fluids to be significantly transported. Intestinal transport is an exception, because Pi competition is weak, thereby considering that its concentration in lumen mainly depends on low Pi levels from ingested fresh water, and because As
V very efficiently inhibits Pi intestinal transport. Our data agree with current toxicokinetic knowledge, and they explain the asymmetric excretion of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic species into bile and urine.</description><subject>60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Arsenate</subject><subject>ARSENATES</subject><subject>Arsenates - metabolism</subject><subject>Arsenates - toxicity</subject><subject>ARSENIC</subject><subject>BILE</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>BLOOD</subject><subject>Brush-border membrane vesicles</subject><subject>Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens</subject><subject>Cell Membrane - metabolism</subject><subject>CELL MEMBRANES</subject><subject>Cells, Cultured</subject><subject>Chemical agents</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>Cloning, Molecular</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>FRESH WATER</subject><subject>Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism</subject><subject>Intestine</subject><subject>Intestine, Small - metabolism</subject><subject>INTESTINES</subject><subject>Kidney Tubules, Proximal - metabolism</subject><subject>KIDNEYS</subject><subject>Kinetics</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>MEMBRANE TRANSPORT</subject><subject>Metals and various inorganic compounds</subject><subject>Myocytes, Smooth Muscle - metabolism</subject><subject>Na/Pi cotransporter</subject><subject>NaPi-IIa</subject><subject>NaPi-IIb</subject><subject>NaPi-IIc</subject><subject>OOCYTES</subject><subject>Phosphate transport</subject><subject>Phosphonoformate</subject><subject>PiT-1</subject><subject>PiT-2</subject><subject>RATS</subject><subject>SODIUM PHOSPHATES</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa - metabolism</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - genetics</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - metabolism</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIc - metabolism</subject><subject>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type III - metabolism</subject><subject>SPECTROSCOPY</subject><subject>Toxicokinetics</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Tumors</subject><subject>URINE</subject><subject>Vascular smooth muscle cells</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</subject><subject>Xenopus laevis</subject><subject>Xenopus laevis oocyte</subject><issn>0041-008X</issn><issn>1096-0333</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1r3DAQhkVpaLZp_0APxVDam52RZMk29BJCvyAQCG3pTcjymNViW65GG-i_r8wu6a0ngeZ5h3kfxt5wqDhwfX2okrVrJQDaClQFQj9jOw6dLkFK-ZztAGpe5umvS_aS6AAAXV3zF-ySt6rVUNc79vMhTFiEsYg2FRQGf5yv132gdW8TFi6kaBdaQ0wYqfBLkfb5F6epmHHu8wyLJ2LbYiPhkpOv2MVoJ8LX5_eK_fj86fvt1_Lu_su325u70inoUqlEA64DDmOnpRStAAWDaqDu-7YeNOimV2MvGt0pDtL2teYDjG6wbWtdriOv2LvT3kDJG3I-odu7sCzokhGc57qizdSHE7XG8PuIlMzsaWuR7w9HMiI74yBEBsUJdDEQRRzNGv1s4x_DwWzOzcFszs3m3IAy2XkOvT1vP_YzDv8iZ8kZeH8GLDk7jVmY8_TECWigkZJn7uOJw2zs0WPcCuHicPBx6zME_787_gIxXp5U</recordid><startdate>20081001</startdate><enddate>20081001</enddate><creator>Villa-Bellosta, Ricardo</creator><creator>Sorribas, Víctor</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20081001</creationdate><title>Role of rat sodium/phosphate cotransporters in the cell membrane transport of arsenate</title><author>Villa-Bellosta, Ricardo ; Sorribas, Víctor</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-5270c9010f9633282050d5704bb84d6067b5fb27695103ab461d0fcda88ac0003</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Arsenate</topic><topic>ARSENATES</topic><topic>Arsenates - metabolism</topic><topic>Arsenates - toxicity</topic><topic>ARSENIC</topic><topic>BILE</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>BLOOD</topic><topic>Brush-border membrane vesicles</topic><topic>Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens</topic><topic>Cell Membrane - metabolism</topic><topic>CELL MEMBRANES</topic><topic>Cells, Cultured</topic><topic>Chemical agents</topic><topic>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>Cloning, Molecular</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>FRESH WATER</topic><topic>Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism</topic><topic>Intestine</topic><topic>Intestine, Small - metabolism</topic><topic>INTESTINES</topic><topic>Kidney Tubules, Proximal - metabolism</topic><topic>KIDNEYS</topic><topic>Kinetics</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>MEMBRANE TRANSPORT</topic><topic>Metals and various inorganic compounds</topic><topic>Myocytes, Smooth Muscle - metabolism</topic><topic>Na/Pi cotransporter</topic><topic>NaPi-IIa</topic><topic>NaPi-IIb</topic><topic>NaPi-IIc</topic><topic>OOCYTES</topic><topic>Phosphate transport</topic><topic>Phosphonoformate</topic><topic>PiT-1</topic><topic>PiT-2</topic><topic>RATS</topic><topic>SODIUM PHOSPHATES</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa - metabolism</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - genetics</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - metabolism</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIc - metabolism</topic><topic>Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type III - metabolism</topic><topic>SPECTROSCOPY</topic><topic>Toxicokinetics</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Tumors</topic><topic>URINE</topic><topic>Vascular smooth muscle cells</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</topic><topic>Xenopus laevis</topic><topic>Xenopus laevis oocyte</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Villa-Bellosta, Ricardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sorribas, Víctor</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Villa-Bellosta, Ricardo</au><au>Sorribas, Víctor</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Role of rat sodium/phosphate cotransporters in the cell membrane transport of arsenate</atitle><jtitle>Toxicology and applied pharmacology</jtitle><addtitle>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</addtitle><date>2008-10-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>232</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>125</spage><epage>134</epage><pages>125-134</pages><issn>0041-008X</issn><eissn>1096-0333</eissn><coden>TXAPA9</coden><abstract>Inorganic arsenate (As
V) is a common contaminant of underground water. Following oral exposure, it is assumed that As
V is distributed and crosses cell membranes through inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters. We have tested this hypothesis by studying the inhibition of rat Na/Pi cotransporters by As
V in
Xenopus laevis oocytes and in several rat tissues. The ubiquitously expressed type III Pi transporters (PiT-1 and PiT-2) showed a low affinity for As
V (
K
i ~
3.8 mM), similar to the Pi transport system in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (
K
i 1.5 mM). The type II renal isoforms, NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc, were also poorly inhibited by As
V (
K
i ~
1 mM), similar to the Pi transport from kidney cortex brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicles. Conversely, the high-affinity intestinal transporter, NaPi-IIb, was very efficiently inhibited with a
K
i of 51 μM, similar to the Pi transport from intestinal BBM vesicles. Taking into account the 1.1 mM Pi in blood and renal ultrafiltrate, and the nanomolar range of As
V exposures, we have determined that the contribution by Na/Pi cotransporters to As
V membrane transport is negligible, given that 10–15 mM As
V would be necessary in these fluids to be significantly transported. Intestinal transport is an exception, because Pi competition is weak, thereby considering that its concentration in lumen mainly depends on low Pi levels from ingested fresh water, and because As
V very efficiently inhibits Pi intestinal transport. Our data agree with current toxicokinetic knowledge, and they explain the asymmetric excretion of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic species into bile and urine.</abstract><cop>San Diego, CA</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>18586044</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.026</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0041-008X |
| ispartof | Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2008-10, Vol.232 (1), p.125-134 |
| issn | 0041-008X 1096-0333 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_osti_scitechconnect_21144128 |
| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete |
| subjects | 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES Animals Arsenate ARSENATES Arsenates - metabolism Arsenates - toxicity ARSENIC BILE Biological and medical sciences BLOOD Brush-border membrane vesicles Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens Cell Membrane - metabolism CELL MEMBRANES Cells, Cultured Chemical agents Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Cloning, Molecular Dose-Response Relationship, Drug FRESH WATER Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism Intestine Intestine, Small - metabolism INTESTINES Kidney Tubules, Proximal - metabolism KIDNEYS Kinetics Medical sciences MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Metals and various inorganic compounds Myocytes, Smooth Muscle - metabolism Na/Pi cotransporter NaPi-IIa NaPi-IIb NaPi-IIc OOCYTES Phosphate transport Phosphonoformate PiT-1 PiT-2 RATS SODIUM PHOSPHATES Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - genetics Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins - metabolism Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa - metabolism Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - antagonists & inhibitors Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - genetics Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb - metabolism Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIc - metabolism Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type III - metabolism SPECTROSCOPY Toxicokinetics Toxicology Tumors URINE Vascular smooth muscle cells Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity Xenopus laevis Xenopus laevis oocyte |
| title | Role of rat sodium/phosphate cotransporters in the cell membrane transport of arsenate |
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