The Nitrogen Cascade
Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) and creates reactive nitrogen (Nr) species. Circulation of anthropogenic Nr in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere has a wide variety of consequences, which are m...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Bioscience 2003-04, Vol.53 (4), p.341-356 |
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| container_title | Bioscience |
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| creator | GALLOWAY, JAMES N ABER, JOHN D ERISMAN, JAN WILLEM SEITZINGER, SYBIL P HOWARTH, ROBERT W COWLING, ELLIS B COSBY, B. JACK |
| description | Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) and creates reactive nitrogen (Nr) species. Circulation of anthropogenic Nr in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere has a wide variety of consequences, which are magnified with time as Nr moves along its biogeochemical pathway. The same atom of Nr can cause multiple effects in the atmosphere, in terrestrial ecosystems, in freshwater and marine systems, and on human health. We call this sequence of effects the nitrogen cascade. As the cascade progresses, the origin of Nr becomes unimportant. Reactive nitrogen does not cascade at the same rate through all environmental systems; some systems have the ability to accumulate Nr, which leads to lag times in the continuation of the cascade. These lags slow the cascade and result in Nr accumulation in certain reservoirs, which in turn can enhance the effects of Nr on that environment. The only way to eliminate Nr accumulation and stop the cascade is to convert Nr back to nonreactive N2. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2 |
| format | Article |
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JACK</creator><creatorcontrib>GALLOWAY, JAMES N ; ABER, JOHN D ; ERISMAN, JAN WILLEM ; SEITZINGER, SYBIL P ; HOWARTH, ROBERT W ; COWLING, ELLIS B ; COSBY, B. JACK</creatorcontrib><description>Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) and creates reactive nitrogen (Nr) species. Circulation of anthropogenic Nr in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere has a wide variety of consequences, which are magnified with time as Nr moves along its biogeochemical pathway. The same atom of Nr can cause multiple effects in the atmosphere, in terrestrial ecosystems, in freshwater and marine systems, and on human health. We call this sequence of effects the nitrogen cascade. As the cascade progresses, the origin of Nr becomes unimportant. Reactive nitrogen does not cascade at the same rate through all environmental systems; some systems have the ability to accumulate Nr, which leads to lag times in the continuation of the cascade. These lags slow the cascade and result in Nr accumulation in certain reservoirs, which in turn can enhance the effects of Nr on that environment. The only way to eliminate Nr accumulation and stop the cascade is to convert Nr back to nonreactive N2.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0006-3568</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1525-3244</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BISNAS</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Circulation, AIBS, 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd., Suite 402, McLean, VA 22101. USA: American Institute of Biological Sciences</publisher><subject>Agroecosystems ; Anthropogenic factors ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Atmosphere ; BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION ; Biosphere ; BUILDUP ; CHEMICAL REACTIONS ; DAMAGE ; denitrification ; Energy ; Environment ; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ; EUTROPHICATION ; fertilizer ; FERTILIZERS ; forest dieback ; Forest ecosystems ; FORESTS ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Fuels ; Groundwater ; Hydrosphere ; Lentic systems ; Marine ecosystems ; Marine systems ; Nitrogen ; nitrogen cascade ; NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ; NITROGEN CYCLE ; Nitrous oxide ; Organic Chemistry ; OVERVIEW ARTICLES ; OZONE ; Population Trends ; Streams ; Surface water ; Terrestrial ecosystems ; Wetlands</subject><ispartof>Bioscience, 2003-04, Vol.53 (4), p.341-356</ispartof><rights>American Institute of Biological Sciences</rights><rights>2003 American Institute of Biological Sciences 2003</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2003 Oxford University Press</rights><rights>Copyright American Institute of Biological Sciences Apr 2003</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b981t-a94ffae26847747909af67d3645427cf5f325e1e65fa910fec532659a436a8753</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b981t-a94ffae26847747909af67d3645427cf5f325e1e65fa910fec532659a436a8753</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbioone$$H</linktopdf><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,803,885,26978,27924,27925,52363</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/20712411$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>GALLOWAY, JAMES N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ABER, JOHN D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ERISMAN, JAN WILLEM</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SEITZINGER, SYBIL P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HOWARTH, ROBERT W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>COWLING, ELLIS B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>COSBY, B. JACK</creatorcontrib><title>The Nitrogen Cascade</title><title>Bioscience</title><addtitle>BioScience</addtitle><description>Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) and creates reactive nitrogen (Nr) species. Circulation of anthropogenic Nr in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere has a wide variety of consequences, which are magnified with time as Nr moves along its biogeochemical pathway. The same atom of Nr can cause multiple effects in the atmosphere, in terrestrial ecosystems, in freshwater and marine systems, and on human health. We call this sequence of effects the nitrogen cascade. As the cascade progresses, the origin of Nr becomes unimportant. Reactive nitrogen does not cascade at the same rate through all environmental systems; some systems have the ability to accumulate Nr, which leads to lag times in the continuation of the cascade. These lags slow the cascade and result in Nr accumulation in certain reservoirs, which in turn can enhance the effects of Nr on that environment. The only way to eliminate Nr accumulation and stop the cascade is to convert Nr back to nonreactive N2.</description><subject>Agroecosystems</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Aquatic ecosystems</subject><subject>Atmosphere</subject><subject>BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION</subject><subject>Biosphere</subject><subject>BUILDUP</subject><subject>CHEMICAL REACTIONS</subject><subject>DAMAGE</subject><subject>denitrification</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</subject><subject>EUTROPHICATION</subject><subject>fertilizer</subject><subject>FERTILIZERS</subject><subject>forest dieback</subject><subject>Forest ecosystems</subject><subject>FORESTS</subject><subject>Freshwater ecosystems</subject><subject>Fuels</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Hydrosphere</subject><subject>Lentic systems</subject><subject>Marine ecosystems</subject><subject>Marine systems</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>nitrogen cascade</subject><subject>NITROGEN COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>NITROGEN CYCLE</subject><subject>Nitrous oxide</subject><subject>Organic Chemistry</subject><subject>OVERVIEW ARTICLES</subject><subject>OZONE</subject><subject>Population Trends</subject><subject>Streams</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><subject>Wetlands</subject><issn>0006-3568</issn><issn>1525-3244</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqdkl1v0zAUhiMEEmVwxw-YQEJMIsXfScYF6gKUSVV7QbmapiPPO-5SpXGxE2n79zhK-Siq0LQry9ZzHtvnvEnyjpIxVYK-J4SolEuVv2WE8BMi-QXhgp4u5-UlG5NxufjAHiUjKplMORPicTL6XfI0eRbCOm6p4MUoebm8weN51Xq3wua41MHoa3yePLG6Dvhitx4l3798XpZf09liel5OZulVkdM21YWwViNTucgykRWk0FZl11wJKVhmrLScSaSopNUFJRaN5EzJQguudJ5JfpS8HrwutBUEU7VoboxrGjQtMJJRJiiN1JuB2nr3o8PQwqYKButaN-i6ALTgRQRFBF_9A65d55v4A2CxbxmhlPy5c6VrhKqxrvXa9EaY0NgkIhlRkUoPULFF6HXtGrRVPN7jxwd43TdzU5mDBSd7BZFp8bZd6S4EOP82vz97Nr03m09n__vkjjWurnGFEEddLvb5TwNvvAvBo4Wtrzba3wEl0AcT-pRBnzLogwkxmNAHE2IwgQGB6GNR83E39W570JDuGS5-GS7_MkwGwzq0zj_0FWeD46pycT4Pk_wEY20F8g</recordid><startdate>20030401</startdate><enddate>20030401</enddate><creator>GALLOWAY, JAMES N</creator><creator>ABER, JOHN D</creator><creator>ERISMAN, JAN WILLEM</creator><creator>SEITZINGER, SYBIL P</creator><creator>HOWARTH, ROBERT W</creator><creator>COWLING, ELLIS B</creator><creator>COSBY, B. 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JACK</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Nitrogen Cascade</atitle><jtitle>Bioscience</jtitle><addtitle>BioScience</addtitle><date>2003-04-01</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>53</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>341</spage><epage>356</epage><pages>341-356</pages><issn>0006-3568</issn><eissn>1525-3244</eissn><coden>BISNAS</coden><abstract>Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) and creates reactive nitrogen (Nr) species. Circulation of anthropogenic Nr in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere has a wide variety of consequences, which are magnified with time as Nr moves along its biogeochemical pathway. The same atom of Nr can cause multiple effects in the atmosphere, in terrestrial ecosystems, in freshwater and marine systems, and on human health. We call this sequence of effects the nitrogen cascade. As the cascade progresses, the origin of Nr becomes unimportant. Reactive nitrogen does not cascade at the same rate through all environmental systems; some systems have the ability to accumulate Nr, which leads to lag times in the continuation of the cascade. These lags slow the cascade and result in Nr accumulation in certain reservoirs, which in turn can enhance the effects of Nr on that environment. The only way to eliminate Nr accumulation and stop the cascade is to convert Nr back to nonreactive N2.</abstract><cop>Circulation, AIBS, 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd., Suite 402, McLean, VA 22101. USA</cop><pub>American Institute of Biological Sciences</pub><doi>10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2</doi><tpages>16</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Bioscience, 2003-04, Vol.53 (4), p.341-356 |
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| subjects | Agroecosystems Anthropogenic factors Aquatic ecosystems Atmosphere BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION Biosphere BUILDUP CHEMICAL REACTIONS DAMAGE denitrification Energy Environment ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUTROPHICATION fertilizer FERTILIZERS forest dieback Forest ecosystems FORESTS Freshwater ecosystems Fuels Groundwater Hydrosphere Lentic systems Marine ecosystems Marine systems Nitrogen nitrogen cascade NITROGEN COMPOUNDS NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrous oxide Organic Chemistry OVERVIEW ARTICLES OZONE Population Trends Streams Surface water Terrestrial ecosystems Wetlands |
| title | The Nitrogen Cascade |
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