Subthreshold Erosion of an Organic Polymer Induced by Multiple Shots of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser
Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extre...
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| creator | Burian, T. Chalupský, J. Hájková, V. Toufarová, M. Vorlíček, V. Hau-Riege, S. Krzywinski, J. Bozek, J.D. Bostedt, C. Graf, A.T. Jastrow, U.F. Kreis, S. London, R.A. Messerschmidt, M. Moeller, S. Sobierajski, R. Tiedtke, K. de Grazia, M. Auguste, T. Carré, B. Guizard, S. Merdji, H. Medvedev, N. Juha, L. |
| description | Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extreme ultraviolet and x-ray lasers usually causes a massive removal of the material even by a single shot. In this contribution, an effective material erosion is reported in PMMA exposed to multiple accumulated pulses generated by the free-electron x-ray-laser Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS, tuned at a photon energy of 830 eVin this study, operated in Menlo Park at Stanford, CA, USA) at a fluence below the single-pulse ablation threshold. The effect is caused by polymer-chain scissions initiated by single photons carrying enough energy to break the C—C bounds. High efficiency of the erosion is supposed to occur due to a correlation of the single-photon effects. The subthreshold damage exhibits a nonlinear dose dependence resulting from a competition between chain scissions and cross-linking processes. The cross-linking is proven by Raman spectroscopy of the irradiated polymer. Two theoretical models of the x-ray free-electron-laser-induced erosion are suggested, which provide an excellent agreement with the experimental results. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.034057 |
| format | Article |
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(LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)</creatorcontrib><description>Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extreme ultraviolet and x-ray lasers usually causes a massive removal of the material even by a single shot. In this contribution, an effective material erosion is reported in PMMA exposed to multiple accumulated pulses generated by the free-electron x-ray-laser Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS, tuned at a photon energy of 830 eVin this study, operated in Menlo Park at Stanford, CA, USA) at a fluence below the single-pulse ablation threshold. The effect is caused by polymer-chain scissions initiated by single photons carrying enough energy to break the C—C bounds. High efficiency of the erosion is supposed to occur due to a correlation of the single-photon effects. The subthreshold damage exhibits a nonlinear dose dependence resulting from a competition between chain scissions and cross-linking processes. The cross-linking is proven by Raman spectroscopy of the irradiated polymer. 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(LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Subthreshold Erosion of an Organic Polymer Induced by Multiple Shots of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser</title><title>Physical review applied</title><description>Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extreme ultraviolet and x-ray lasers usually causes a massive removal of the material even by a single shot. In this contribution, an effective material erosion is reported in PMMA exposed to multiple accumulated pulses generated by the free-electron x-ray-laser Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS, tuned at a photon energy of 830 eVin this study, operated in Menlo Park at Stanford, CA, USA) at a fluence below the single-pulse ablation threshold. The effect is caused by polymer-chain scissions initiated by single photons carrying enough energy to break the C—C bounds. High efficiency of the erosion is supposed to occur due to a correlation of the single-photon effects. The subthreshold damage exhibits a nonlinear dose dependence resulting from a competition between chain scissions and cross-linking processes. The cross-linking is proven by Raman spectroscopy of the irradiated polymer. Two theoretical models of the x-ray free-electron-laser-induced erosion are suggested, which provide an excellent agreement with the experimental results.</description><subject>chemical physics</subject><subject>CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS</subject><subject>CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY</subject><subject>desorption</subject><subject>free-electron lasers</subject><subject>laser ablation</subject><subject>light-matter interaction</subject><subject>Mechanics</subject><subject>Mechanics of materials</subject><subject>physical chemistry</subject><subject>Physics</subject><subject>polymer theory</subject><subject>polymer thin films</subject><subject>x-ray lasers</subject><issn>2331-7019</issn><issn>2331-7019</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpVkdFKwzAUhosoOObeIXjnRWfSpG16OcbmBpWNTcG7kCanNtI1JekGfXsrHaJX51x85-fwf0GACJ4Tgunzvur9AS6Ltq0N6Dlhc0wZjtObYBJRSsIUk-z2z34fzLz_whgTEsWY40mgj-eiqxz4ytYarZz1xjbIlkg2aOc-ZWMU2tu6P4FD20afFWhU9Oj1XHemrQEdK9v5K_8RHmSP1g4gXNWgOjck5dKDewjuSll7mF3nNHhfr96WmzDfvWyXizxUNMVdCElSMlApEKo1jyRPcRoXUcJkxrBijCmSFVqVhMooiTRJaQxSUa4V5zLJEjoNHsdc6zsjvDIdqErZphmeEYRzlkTxAD2NUCVr0Tpzkq4XVhqxWeRCgRQ4yuJsqPdCBpaPrBqK8Q7K3wOCxY8B8d-AIEyMBug3eL58lA</recordid><startdate>20200901</startdate><enddate>20200901</enddate><creator>Burian, T.</creator><creator>Chalupský, J.</creator><creator>Hájková, V.</creator><creator>Toufarová, M.</creator><creator>Vorlíček, V.</creator><creator>Hau-Riege, S.</creator><creator>Krzywinski, J.</creator><creator>Bozek, J.D.</creator><creator>Bostedt, C.</creator><creator>Graf, A.T.</creator><creator>Jastrow, U.F.</creator><creator>Kreis, S.</creator><creator>London, R.A.</creator><creator>Messerschmidt, M.</creator><creator>Moeller, S.</creator><creator>Sobierajski, R.</creator><creator>Tiedtke, K.</creator><creator>de Grazia, M.</creator><creator>Auguste, T.</creator><creator>Carré, B.</creator><creator>Guizard, S.</creator><creator>Merdji, H.</creator><creator>Medvedev, N.</creator><creator>Juha, L.</creator><general>American Physical Society</general><general>American Physical Society (APS)</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>OIOZB</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4189-8753</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0776-6012</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7783-3532</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3512-3855</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2978-4633</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-9978</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2580-6900</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000277833532</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000207766012</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000341898753</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000325806900</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000229784633</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000339829978</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000335123855</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200901</creationdate><title>Subthreshold Erosion of an Organic Polymer Induced by Multiple Shots of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser</title><author>Burian, T. ; 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(LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Subthreshold Erosion of an Organic Polymer Induced by Multiple Shots of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser</atitle><jtitle>Physical review applied</jtitle><date>2020-09-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><artnum>034057</artnum><issn>2331-7019</issn><eissn>2331-7019</eissn><abstract>Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extreme ultraviolet and x-ray lasers usually causes a massive removal of the material even by a single shot. 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| source | American Physical Society Journals |
| subjects | chemical physics CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY desorption free-electron lasers laser ablation light-matter interaction Mechanics Mechanics of materials physical chemistry Physics polymer theory polymer thin films x-ray lasers |
| title | Subthreshold Erosion of an Organic Polymer Induced by Multiple Shots of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser |
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