Modulation of seismic noise near the San Jacinto fault in southern California: origin and observations of the cyclical time dependence and associated crustal properties

We examine the cyclic amplitude variation of seismic noise recorded by continuous three-component broad-band seismic data with durations spanning 91–713 d (2008–2011) from three different networks: Anza seismic network, IDA network and the transportable seismic array. These stations surround the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) in southern California. We find the seismic noise amplitudes exhibit a cyclical variation between 0.3 and 7.2 Hz. The high-frequency (≥0.9 Hz) noise variations can be linked to human activity and are not a concern. Our primary interest is signals in the low frequencies (0.3–0.9 Hz), where the seismic noise is modulated by semi-diurnal tidal mode M2. These long-period (low-frequency) variations of seismic noise can be attributed to a temporal change of the ocean waves breaking at the shoreline, driven by ocean tidal loading. We focus on the M2 variation of seismic noise at f = 0.6 Hz, travelling distances of ~92 km through the crust from offshore California to the inland Anza, California, region. Relative to the shoreline station, data from the inland stations show a phase lag of ~ –12°, which we attribute to the cyclic change in M2 that can alter crustal seismic attenuation. We also find that for mode M2 at 0.6 Hz, the amplitude variations of the seismic quality factor (Q) depend on azimuth and varies from 0.22 per cent (southeast to northwest) to 1.28 per cent (northeast to southwest) with Q = 25 for Rayleigh waves. We propose the direction dependence of the Q variation at 0.6 Hz reflects the preferred orientation of subfaults parallel to the main faulting defined by the primarily N45°W strike of the SJFZ.