Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of smartphone reading on the ocular surface and to compare the various effects of different screens and light conditions on the ocular surface. One hundred nineteen volunteers were randomly divided into: light + organic light‐emitting diode...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Clinical and translational science 2021-05, Vol.14 (3), p.829-836 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 836 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 829 |
| container_title | Clinical and translational science |
| container_volume | 14 |
| creator | Yuan, Kelan Zhu, Haiping Mou, Yujie Wu, Yaying He, Jingliang Huang, Xiaodan Jin, Xiuming |
| description | The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of smartphone reading on the ocular surface and to compare the various effects of different screens and light conditions on the ocular surface. One hundred nineteen volunteers were randomly divided into: light + organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), light + electronic ink (eINK), dark + OLED, and dark + eINK. Ocular surface examinations, including noninvasive break‐up time (NIBUT), noninvasive keratograph tear meniscus height (NIKTMH), ocular redness, fluorescein break‐up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, meibomian gland assessment, Schirmer I Test, and blinking frequency, were performed before and after a reading task. Symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS‐Q). NIBUT and FBUT were decreased statistically significantly after participants read on an OLED screen for 2 hours compared with the baseline in light and dark environments, whereas no statistically significant decrease was observed on an eINK screen. NIKTMH was statistically significantly decreased after reading on an OLED screen in light and dark settings, and the eINK screen had a lesser effect on NIKTMH. An obvious increase in the ocular redness, OSDI and CVS‐Q scores was observed after reading on an OLED screen, whereas the eINK screen had a lesser effect on these indicators. Blink rate increased gradually in OLED subgroups during the reading task, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in the eINK subgroups. Our research suggested that reading on an OLED screen can cause ocular surface disorder and obvious subjective discomfort, whereas reading on an eINK screen can minimize ocular surface disorder in both dark and light environments. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/cts.12933 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_doaj_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_1781201</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_9bd0586d1fcc46a688fae34ac94d07e2</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>2461856960</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5363-963add58dd2a1a23f3ccf99d317a62c20bb3c8935fe67673e13684e60d5cc17b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1ks9vFCEUgCdGY2v14D9giF70sC0_ZhjGg0mzVm3SpKZTz4SBxy6bGdjCTM3610s7dWNN5AKBj4_3Hq8oXhN8TPI40WM6JrRh7ElxSOqKLgTm9Ol-XZUHxYuUNhhzxkX1vDhgjGKKG3FYTGfWQr6PgkfjGtClnnoVUTtFqzQgG8OArkAZ51d3yGeX8Qh-RO2g4rhdBw-o1RHAp4_oFH2PIW2zz90CulLehMH9AoOWwY8x9H1etuNkdi-LZ1b1CV49zEfFjy9n18tvi4vLr-fL04uFrhhni4YzZUwljKGKKMos09o2jWGkVpxqiruOadGwygKvec2A5PxK4NhUWpO6Y0fF-ew1QW3kNroc9E4G5eT9RogrmbNwugfZdAZXghtitS654kJYBaxUuikNroFm16fZtZ26AYzORYiqfyR9fOLdWq7CrRSU0JrVWfB2FoQ0Opm0G0GvdfA-10uSWhCKSYbeP7wSw80EaZSDSxr6XnkIU5K05ERUvOE4o-_-QTdhij7XU9KqpKxkTc0y9WGmdP6aFMHuIyZY3nWPzL8v77sns2_-TnFP_mmXDJzMwE_Xw-7_Jrm8bmflb9uRzz8</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2542343973</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Open Access</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Yuan, Kelan ; Zhu, Haiping ; Mou, Yujie ; Wu, Yaying ; He, Jingliang ; Huang, Xiaodan ; Jin, Xiuming</creator><creatorcontrib>Yuan, Kelan ; Zhu, Haiping ; Mou, Yujie ; Wu, Yaying ; He, Jingliang ; Huang, Xiaodan ; Jin, Xiuming</creatorcontrib><description>The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of smartphone reading on the ocular surface and to compare the various effects of different screens and light conditions on the ocular surface. One hundred nineteen volunteers were randomly divided into: light + organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), light + electronic ink (eINK), dark + OLED, and dark + eINK. Ocular surface examinations, including noninvasive break‐up time (NIBUT), noninvasive keratograph tear meniscus height (NIKTMH), ocular redness, fluorescein break‐up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, meibomian gland assessment, Schirmer I Test, and blinking frequency, were performed before and after a reading task. Symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS‐Q). NIBUT and FBUT were decreased statistically significantly after participants read on an OLED screen for 2 hours compared with the baseline in light and dark environments, whereas no statistically significant decrease was observed on an eINK screen. NIKTMH was statistically significantly decreased after reading on an OLED screen in light and dark settings, and the eINK screen had a lesser effect on NIKTMH. An obvious increase in the ocular redness, OSDI and CVS‐Q scores was observed after reading on an OLED screen, whereas the eINK screen had a lesser effect on these indicators. Blink rate increased gradually in OLED subgroups during the reading task, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in the eINK subgroups. Our research suggested that reading on an OLED screen can cause ocular surface disorder and obvious subjective discomfort, whereas reading on an eINK screen can minimize ocular surface disorder in both dark and light environments.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1752-8054</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1752-8062</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/cts.12933</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33202098</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Blinking - radiation effects ; Chronic fatigue syndrome ; Cornea ; Cornea - blood supply ; Cornea - diagnostic imaging ; Cornea - radiation effects ; Dry Eye Syndromes - etiology ; Dry Eye Syndromes - prevention & control ; Eye diseases ; Female ; Fluorescein ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Light ; Light - adverse effects ; Lipids ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Questionnaires ; Reading ; Reading comprehension ; Semiconductors - adverse effects ; Smartphone ; Smartphones ; Statistical analysis ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Clinical and translational science, 2021-05, Vol.14 (3), p.829-836</ispartof><rights>2020 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.</rights><rights>2020 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.</rights><rights>2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5363-963add58dd2a1a23f3ccf99d317a62c20bb3c8935fe67673e13684e60d5cc17b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5363-963add58dd2a1a23f3ccf99d317a62c20bb3c8935fe67673e13684e60d5cc17b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8212737/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8212737/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,1411,2096,11541,27901,27902,45550,45551,46027,46451,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33202098$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/1781201$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yuan, Kelan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Haiping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mou, Yujie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Yaying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Jingliang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Xiaodan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jin, Xiuming</creatorcontrib><title>Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study</title><title>Clinical and translational science</title><addtitle>Clin Transl Sci</addtitle><description>The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of smartphone reading on the ocular surface and to compare the various effects of different screens and light conditions on the ocular surface. One hundred nineteen volunteers were randomly divided into: light + organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), light + electronic ink (eINK), dark + OLED, and dark + eINK. Ocular surface examinations, including noninvasive break‐up time (NIBUT), noninvasive keratograph tear meniscus height (NIKTMH), ocular redness, fluorescein break‐up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, meibomian gland assessment, Schirmer I Test, and blinking frequency, were performed before and after a reading task. Symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS‐Q). NIBUT and FBUT were decreased statistically significantly after participants read on an OLED screen for 2 hours compared with the baseline in light and dark environments, whereas no statistically significant decrease was observed on an eINK screen. NIKTMH was statistically significantly decreased after reading on an OLED screen in light and dark settings, and the eINK screen had a lesser effect on NIKTMH. An obvious increase in the ocular redness, OSDI and CVS‐Q scores was observed after reading on an OLED screen, whereas the eINK screen had a lesser effect on these indicators. Blink rate increased gradually in OLED subgroups during the reading task, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in the eINK subgroups. Our research suggested that reading on an OLED screen can cause ocular surface disorder and obvious subjective discomfort, whereas reading on an eINK screen can minimize ocular surface disorder in both dark and light environments.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Blinking - radiation effects</subject><subject>Chronic fatigue syndrome</subject><subject>Cornea</subject><subject>Cornea - blood supply</subject><subject>Cornea - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Cornea - radiation effects</subject><subject>Dry Eye Syndromes - etiology</subject><subject>Dry Eye Syndromes - prevention & control</subject><subject>Eye diseases</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fluorescein</subject><subject>Healthy Volunteers</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Light</subject><subject>Light - adverse effects</subject><subject>Lipids</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Reading</subject><subject>Reading comprehension</subject><subject>Semiconductors - adverse effects</subject><subject>Smartphone</subject><subject>Smartphones</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1752-8054</issn><issn>1752-8062</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp1ks9vFCEUgCdGY2v14D9giF70sC0_ZhjGg0mzVm3SpKZTz4SBxy6bGdjCTM3610s7dWNN5AKBj4_3Hq8oXhN8TPI40WM6JrRh7ElxSOqKLgTm9Ol-XZUHxYuUNhhzxkX1vDhgjGKKG3FYTGfWQr6PgkfjGtClnnoVUTtFqzQgG8OArkAZ51d3yGeX8Qh-RO2g4rhdBw-o1RHAp4_oFH2PIW2zz90CulLehMH9AoOWwY8x9H1etuNkdi-LZ1b1CV49zEfFjy9n18tvi4vLr-fL04uFrhhni4YzZUwljKGKKMos09o2jWGkVpxqiruOadGwygKvec2A5PxK4NhUWpO6Y0fF-ew1QW3kNroc9E4G5eT9RogrmbNwugfZdAZXghtitS654kJYBaxUuikNroFm16fZtZ26AYzORYiqfyR9fOLdWq7CrRSU0JrVWfB2FoQ0Opm0G0GvdfA-10uSWhCKSYbeP7wSw80EaZSDSxr6XnkIU5K05ERUvOE4o-_-QTdhij7XU9KqpKxkTc0y9WGmdP6aFMHuIyZY3nWPzL8v77sns2_-TnFP_mmXDJzMwE_Xw-7_Jrm8bmflb9uRzz8</recordid><startdate>202105</startdate><enddate>202105</enddate><creator>Yuan, Kelan</creator><creator>Zhu, Haiping</creator><creator>Mou, Yujie</creator><creator>Wu, Yaying</creator><creator>He, Jingliang</creator><creator>Huang, Xiaodan</creator><creator>Jin, Xiuming</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><general>John Wiley and Sons Inc</general><general>Wiley</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQGLB</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202105</creationdate><title>Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study</title><author>Yuan, Kelan ; Zhu, Haiping ; Mou, Yujie ; Wu, Yaying ; He, Jingliang ; Huang, Xiaodan ; Jin, Xiuming</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5363-963add58dd2a1a23f3ccf99d317a62c20bb3c8935fe67673e13684e60d5cc17b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Blinking - radiation effects</topic><topic>Chronic fatigue syndrome</topic><topic>Cornea</topic><topic>Cornea - blood supply</topic><topic>Cornea - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Cornea - radiation effects</topic><topic>Dry Eye Syndromes - etiology</topic><topic>Dry Eye Syndromes - prevention & control</topic><topic>Eye diseases</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fluorescein</topic><topic>Healthy Volunteers</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Light</topic><topic>Light - adverse effects</topic><topic>Lipids</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Reading</topic><topic>Reading comprehension</topic><topic>Semiconductors - adverse effects</topic><topic>Smartphone</topic><topic>Smartphones</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yuan, Kelan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Haiping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mou, Yujie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Yaying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Jingliang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Xiaodan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jin, Xiuming</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Clinical and translational science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yuan, Kelan</au><au>Zhu, Haiping</au><au>Mou, Yujie</au><au>Wu, Yaying</au><au>He, Jingliang</au><au>Huang, Xiaodan</au><au>Jin, Xiuming</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study</atitle><jtitle>Clinical and translational science</jtitle><addtitle>Clin Transl Sci</addtitle><date>2021-05</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>829</spage><epage>836</epage><pages>829-836</pages><issn>1752-8054</issn><eissn>1752-8062</eissn><abstract>The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of smartphone reading on the ocular surface and to compare the various effects of different screens and light conditions on the ocular surface. One hundred nineteen volunteers were randomly divided into: light + organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), light + electronic ink (eINK), dark + OLED, and dark + eINK. Ocular surface examinations, including noninvasive break‐up time (NIBUT), noninvasive keratograph tear meniscus height (NIKTMH), ocular redness, fluorescein break‐up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, meibomian gland assessment, Schirmer I Test, and blinking frequency, were performed before and after a reading task. Symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS‐Q). NIBUT and FBUT were decreased statistically significantly after participants read on an OLED screen for 2 hours compared with the baseline in light and dark environments, whereas no statistically significant decrease was observed on an eINK screen. NIKTMH was statistically significantly decreased after reading on an OLED screen in light and dark settings, and the eINK screen had a lesser effect on NIKTMH. An obvious increase in the ocular redness, OSDI and CVS‐Q scores was observed after reading on an OLED screen, whereas the eINK screen had a lesser effect on these indicators. Blink rate increased gradually in OLED subgroups during the reading task, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in the eINK subgroups. Our research suggested that reading on an OLED screen can cause ocular surface disorder and obvious subjective discomfort, whereas reading on an eINK screen can minimize ocular surface disorder in both dark and light environments.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>33202098</pmid><doi>10.1111/cts.12933</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1752-8054 |
| ispartof | Clinical and translational science, 2021-05, Vol.14 (3), p.829-836 |
| issn | 1752-8054 1752-8062 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_osti_scitechconnect_1781201 |
| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Open Access; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Adult Blinking - radiation effects Chronic fatigue syndrome Cornea Cornea - blood supply Cornea - diagnostic imaging Cornea - radiation effects Dry Eye Syndromes - etiology Dry Eye Syndromes - prevention & control Eye diseases Female Fluorescein Healthy Volunteers Humans Light Light - adverse effects Lipids Male Prospective Studies Questionnaires Reading Reading comprehension Semiconductors - adverse effects Smartphone Smartphones Statistical analysis Young Adult |
| title | Effects on the Ocular Surface from Reading on Different Smartphone Screens: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-20T14%3A45%3A10IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_doaj_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects%20on%20the%20Ocular%20Surface%20from%20Reading%20on%20Different%20Smartphone%20Screens:%20A%20Prospective%20Randomized%20Controlled%20Study&rft.jtitle=Clinical%20and%20translational%20science&rft.au=Yuan,%20Kelan&rft.date=2021-05&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=829&rft.epage=836&rft.pages=829-836&rft.issn=1752-8054&rft.eissn=1752-8062&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/cts.12933&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_doaj_%3E2461856960%3C/proquest_doaj_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2542343973&rft_id=info:pmid/33202098&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_9bd0586d1fcc46a688fae34ac94d07e2&rfr_iscdi=true |