A natural energy absorbent polymer composite: The equine hoof wall
[Display omitted] The equine hoof has been considered as an efficient energy absorption layer that protects the skeletal elements from impact when galloping. In the present study, the hierarchical structure of a fresh equine hoof wall and the energy absorption mechanisms are investigated. Tubules ar...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Acta biomaterialia 2019-05, Vol.90 (C), p.267-277 |
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| creator | Huang, Wei Yaraghi, Nicholas A. Yang, Wen Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis Li, Zezhou Ritchie, Robert O. Kisailus, David Stover, Susan M. McKittrick, Joanna |
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The equine hoof has been considered as an efficient energy absorption layer that protects the skeletal elements from impact when galloping. In the present study, the hierarchical structure of a fresh equine hoof wall and the energy absorption mechanisms are investigated. Tubules are found embedded in the intertubular matrix forming the hoof wall at the microscale. Both tubules and intertubular areas consist of keratin cells, in which keratin crystalline intermediate filaments (IFs) and amorphous keratin fill the cytoskeletons. Cell sizes, shapes and IF fractions are different between tubular and intertubular regions. The structural differences between tubular and intertubular areas are correlated to the mechanical behavior of this material tested in dry, fresh and fully hydrated conditions. The stiffness and hardness in the tubule areas are higher than that in the intertubular areas in the dry and fresh samples when loaded along the hoof wall; however, once the samples are fully hydrated, the intertubular areas become stiffer than the tubular areas due to higher water absorption in these regions. The compression behavior of hoof in different loading speed and directions are also examined, with the isotropy and strain-rate dependence of mechanical properties documented. In the hoof walls, mechanistically the tubules serve as a reinforcement, which act to support the entire wall and prevent catastrophic failure under compression and impact loading. Elastic buckling and cracking of the tubules are observed after compression along the hoof wall, and no shear-banding or severe cracks are found in the intertubular areas even after 60% compression, indicating the highly efficient energy absorption properties, without failure, of the hoof wall structure.
The equine hoof wall is found to be an efficient energy absorbent natural polymer composite. Previous studies showed the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hoof wall in some perspective. However, the hierarchical structure of equine hoof wall from nano- to macro-scale as well as the energy absorption mechanisms at different strain rates and loading orientations remains unclear. The current study provides a thorough characterization of the hierarchical structure as well as the correlation between structure and mechanical behaviors. Energy dissipation mechanisms are also identified. The findings in the current research could provide inspirations on the designs of impact resistant and e |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.003 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_osti_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_1637128</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S1742706119302375</els_id><sourcerecordid>2204693910</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-efcf01f9dcd5a1bec04b4277f712c879a49b6f58c307b81702a9de62b646dee03</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kUtv1TAQhSMEog_4BwhZsGGTdJw4frCoVKrSVqrEpqwtx5lwfZXYt3YCuv8eRyksWLDyLL4543NOUbyjUFGg_GJfGTt3LlQ1UFUBqwCaF8UplUKWouXyZZ4Fq0sBnJ4UZyntMyBpLV8XJw2olkrFT4svV8SbeYlmJOgx_jgS06UQO_QzOYTxOGEkNkyHkNyMn8njDgk-Lc4j2YUwkF9mHN8UrwYzJnz7_J4X37_ePF7flQ_fbu-vrx5K2wLMJQ52ADqo3vatoR1aYB2rhRgEra0UyjDV8aGVtgHRSSqgNqpHXnec8R4RmvPiw6Yb0ux0svlDdmeD92hnTXmTdWSGPm3QIYanBdOsJ5csjqPxGJak6xoYV42iq97Hf9B9WKLPFjLFgDJKlcoU2ygbQ0oRB32IbjLxqCnotQi911sRei1CA9M557z2_ll86Sbs_y79ST4DlxuAObKfDuPqCL3F3sXVUB_c_y_8Br35mbo</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2240141199</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>A natural energy absorbent polymer composite: The equine hoof wall</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><creator>Huang, Wei ; Yaraghi, Nicholas A. ; Yang, Wen ; Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis ; Li, Zezhou ; Ritchie, Robert O. ; Kisailus, David ; Stover, Susan M. ; McKittrick, Joanna</creator><creatorcontrib>Huang, Wei ; Yaraghi, Nicholas A. ; Yang, Wen ; Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis ; Li, Zezhou ; Ritchie, Robert O. ; Kisailus, David ; Stover, Susan M. ; McKittrick, Joanna</creatorcontrib><description>[Display omitted]
The equine hoof has been considered as an efficient energy absorption layer that protects the skeletal elements from impact when galloping. In the present study, the hierarchical structure of a fresh equine hoof wall and the energy absorption mechanisms are investigated. Tubules are found embedded in the intertubular matrix forming the hoof wall at the microscale. Both tubules and intertubular areas consist of keratin cells, in which keratin crystalline intermediate filaments (IFs) and amorphous keratin fill the cytoskeletons. Cell sizes, shapes and IF fractions are different between tubular and intertubular regions. The structural differences between tubular and intertubular areas are correlated to the mechanical behavior of this material tested in dry, fresh and fully hydrated conditions. The stiffness and hardness in the tubule areas are higher than that in the intertubular areas in the dry and fresh samples when loaded along the hoof wall; however, once the samples are fully hydrated, the intertubular areas become stiffer than the tubular areas due to higher water absorption in these regions. The compression behavior of hoof in different loading speed and directions are also examined, with the isotropy and strain-rate dependence of mechanical properties documented. In the hoof walls, mechanistically the tubules serve as a reinforcement, which act to support the entire wall and prevent catastrophic failure under compression and impact loading. Elastic buckling and cracking of the tubules are observed after compression along the hoof wall, and no shear-banding or severe cracks are found in the intertubular areas even after 60% compression, indicating the highly efficient energy absorption properties, without failure, of the hoof wall structure.
The equine hoof wall is found to be an efficient energy absorbent natural polymer composite. Previous studies showed the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hoof wall in some perspective. However, the hierarchical structure of equine hoof wall from nano- to macro-scale as well as the energy absorption mechanisms at different strain rates and loading orientations remains unclear. The current study provides a thorough characterization of the hierarchical structure as well as the correlation between structure and mechanical behaviors. Energy dissipation mechanisms are also identified. The findings in the current research could provide inspirations on the designs of impact resistant and energy absorbent materials.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1742-7061</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-7568</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.003</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30951896</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Absorbent polymers ; Absorption ; Animal grooming ; Animals ; Catastrophic failure analysis ; Composite materials ; Compression ; Cracks ; Dependence ; Elastic buckling ; Energy ; Energy absorption ; Equine hoof ; Filaments ; Hoof ; Hoof and Claw - chemistry ; Hoof and Claw - metabolism ; Horses ; Impact loads ; Intermediate filaments ; Isotropy ; Keratin ; Keratins - chemistry ; Keratins - metabolism ; Mechanical properties ; Polymer matrix composites ; Stiffness ; Strain rate ; Stress, Mechanical ; Structural hierarchy ; Tensile Strength ; Tubular structure ; Tubules ; Water absorption</subject><ispartof>Acta biomaterialia, 2019-05, Vol.90 (C), p.267-277</ispartof><rights>2019 Acta Materialia Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier BV May 2019</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-efcf01f9dcd5a1bec04b4277f712c879a49b6f58c307b81702a9de62b646dee03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-efcf01f9dcd5a1bec04b4277f712c879a49b6f58c307b81702a9de62b646dee03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0501-6998 ; 0000000205016998</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706119302375$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30951896$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/1637128$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Huang, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaraghi, Nicholas A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Wen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Zezhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ritchie, Robert O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kisailus, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stover, Susan M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKittrick, Joanna</creatorcontrib><title>A natural energy absorbent polymer composite: The equine hoof wall</title><title>Acta biomaterialia</title><addtitle>Acta Biomater</addtitle><description>[Display omitted]
The equine hoof has been considered as an efficient energy absorption layer that protects the skeletal elements from impact when galloping. In the present study, the hierarchical structure of a fresh equine hoof wall and the energy absorption mechanisms are investigated. Tubules are found embedded in the intertubular matrix forming the hoof wall at the microscale. Both tubules and intertubular areas consist of keratin cells, in which keratin crystalline intermediate filaments (IFs) and amorphous keratin fill the cytoskeletons. Cell sizes, shapes and IF fractions are different between tubular and intertubular regions. The structural differences between tubular and intertubular areas are correlated to the mechanical behavior of this material tested in dry, fresh and fully hydrated conditions. The stiffness and hardness in the tubule areas are higher than that in the intertubular areas in the dry and fresh samples when loaded along the hoof wall; however, once the samples are fully hydrated, the intertubular areas become stiffer than the tubular areas due to higher water absorption in these regions. The compression behavior of hoof in different loading speed and directions are also examined, with the isotropy and strain-rate dependence of mechanical properties documented. In the hoof walls, mechanistically the tubules serve as a reinforcement, which act to support the entire wall and prevent catastrophic failure under compression and impact loading. Elastic buckling and cracking of the tubules are observed after compression along the hoof wall, and no shear-banding or severe cracks are found in the intertubular areas even after 60% compression, indicating the highly efficient energy absorption properties, without failure, of the hoof wall structure.
The equine hoof wall is found to be an efficient energy absorbent natural polymer composite. Previous studies showed the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hoof wall in some perspective. However, the hierarchical structure of equine hoof wall from nano- to macro-scale as well as the energy absorption mechanisms at different strain rates and loading orientations remains unclear. The current study provides a thorough characterization of the hierarchical structure as well as the correlation between structure and mechanical behaviors. Energy dissipation mechanisms are also identified. The findings in the current research could provide inspirations on the designs of impact resistant and energy absorbent materials.</description><subject>Absorbent polymers</subject><subject>Absorption</subject><subject>Animal grooming</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Catastrophic failure analysis</subject><subject>Composite materials</subject><subject>Compression</subject><subject>Cracks</subject><subject>Dependence</subject><subject>Elastic buckling</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Energy absorption</subject><subject>Equine hoof</subject><subject>Filaments</subject><subject>Hoof</subject><subject>Hoof and Claw - chemistry</subject><subject>Hoof and Claw - metabolism</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Impact loads</subject><subject>Intermediate filaments</subject><subject>Isotropy</subject><subject>Keratin</subject><subject>Keratins - chemistry</subject><subject>Keratins - metabolism</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Polymer matrix composites</subject><subject>Stiffness</subject><subject>Strain rate</subject><subject>Stress, Mechanical</subject><subject>Structural hierarchy</subject><subject>Tensile Strength</subject><subject>Tubular structure</subject><subject>Tubules</subject><subject>Water absorption</subject><issn>1742-7061</issn><issn>1878-7568</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUtv1TAQhSMEog_4BwhZsGGTdJw4frCoVKrSVqrEpqwtx5lwfZXYt3YCuv8eRyksWLDyLL4543NOUbyjUFGg_GJfGTt3LlQ1UFUBqwCaF8UplUKWouXyZZ4Fq0sBnJ4UZyntMyBpLV8XJw2olkrFT4svV8SbeYlmJOgx_jgS06UQO_QzOYTxOGEkNkyHkNyMn8njDgk-Lc4j2YUwkF9mHN8UrwYzJnz7_J4X37_ePF7flQ_fbu-vrx5K2wLMJQ52ADqo3vatoR1aYB2rhRgEra0UyjDV8aGVtgHRSSqgNqpHXnec8R4RmvPiw6Yb0ux0svlDdmeD92hnTXmTdWSGPm3QIYanBdOsJ5csjqPxGJak6xoYV42iq97Hf9B9WKLPFjLFgDJKlcoU2ygbQ0oRB32IbjLxqCnotQi911sRei1CA9M557z2_ll86Sbs_y79ST4DlxuAObKfDuPqCL3F3sXVUB_c_y_8Br35mbo</recordid><startdate>20190501</startdate><enddate>20190501</enddate><creator>Huang, Wei</creator><creator>Yaraghi, Nicholas A.</creator><creator>Yang, Wen</creator><creator>Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis</creator><creator>Li, Zezhou</creator><creator>Ritchie, Robert O.</creator><creator>Kisailus, David</creator><creator>Stover, Susan M.</creator><creator>McKittrick, Joanna</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier BV</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H8G</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0501-6998</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000205016998</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190501</creationdate><title>A natural energy absorbent polymer composite: The equine hoof wall</title><author>Huang, Wei ; Yaraghi, Nicholas A. ; Yang, Wen ; Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis ; Li, Zezhou ; Ritchie, Robert O. ; Kisailus, David ; Stover, Susan M. ; McKittrick, Joanna</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-efcf01f9dcd5a1bec04b4277f712c879a49b6f58c307b81702a9de62b646dee03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Absorbent polymers</topic><topic>Absorption</topic><topic>Animal grooming</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Catastrophic failure analysis</topic><topic>Composite materials</topic><topic>Compression</topic><topic>Cracks</topic><topic>Dependence</topic><topic>Elastic buckling</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>Energy absorption</topic><topic>Equine hoof</topic><topic>Filaments</topic><topic>Hoof</topic><topic>Hoof and Claw - chemistry</topic><topic>Hoof and Claw - metabolism</topic><topic>Horses</topic><topic>Impact loads</topic><topic>Intermediate filaments</topic><topic>Isotropy</topic><topic>Keratin</topic><topic>Keratins - chemistry</topic><topic>Keratins - metabolism</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Polymer matrix composites</topic><topic>Stiffness</topic><topic>Strain rate</topic><topic>Stress, Mechanical</topic><topic>Structural hierarchy</topic><topic>Tensile Strength</topic><topic>Tubular structure</topic><topic>Tubules</topic><topic>Water absorption</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Huang, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaraghi, Nicholas A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Wen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Zezhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ritchie, Robert O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kisailus, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stover, Susan M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKittrick, Joanna</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Copper Technical Reference Library</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Acta biomaterialia</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Huang, Wei</au><au>Yaraghi, Nicholas A.</au><au>Yang, Wen</au><au>Velazquez-Olivera, Alexis</au><au>Li, Zezhou</au><au>Ritchie, Robert O.</au><au>Kisailus, David</au><au>Stover, Susan M.</au><au>McKittrick, Joanna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A natural energy absorbent polymer composite: The equine hoof wall</atitle><jtitle>Acta biomaterialia</jtitle><addtitle>Acta Biomater</addtitle><date>2019-05-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>90</volume><issue>C</issue><spage>267</spage><epage>277</epage><pages>267-277</pages><issn>1742-7061</issn><eissn>1878-7568</eissn><abstract>[Display omitted]
The equine hoof has been considered as an efficient energy absorption layer that protects the skeletal elements from impact when galloping. In the present study, the hierarchical structure of a fresh equine hoof wall and the energy absorption mechanisms are investigated. Tubules are found embedded in the intertubular matrix forming the hoof wall at the microscale. Both tubules and intertubular areas consist of keratin cells, in which keratin crystalline intermediate filaments (IFs) and amorphous keratin fill the cytoskeletons. Cell sizes, shapes and IF fractions are different between tubular and intertubular regions. The structural differences between tubular and intertubular areas are correlated to the mechanical behavior of this material tested in dry, fresh and fully hydrated conditions. The stiffness and hardness in the tubule areas are higher than that in the intertubular areas in the dry and fresh samples when loaded along the hoof wall; however, once the samples are fully hydrated, the intertubular areas become stiffer than the tubular areas due to higher water absorption in these regions. The compression behavior of hoof in different loading speed and directions are also examined, with the isotropy and strain-rate dependence of mechanical properties documented. In the hoof walls, mechanistically the tubules serve as a reinforcement, which act to support the entire wall and prevent catastrophic failure under compression and impact loading. Elastic buckling and cracking of the tubules are observed after compression along the hoof wall, and no shear-banding or severe cracks are found in the intertubular areas even after 60% compression, indicating the highly efficient energy absorption properties, without failure, of the hoof wall structure.
The equine hoof wall is found to be an efficient energy absorbent natural polymer composite. Previous studies showed the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hoof wall in some perspective. However, the hierarchical structure of equine hoof wall from nano- to macro-scale as well as the energy absorption mechanisms at different strain rates and loading orientations remains unclear. The current study provides a thorough characterization of the hierarchical structure as well as the correlation between structure and mechanical behaviors. Energy dissipation mechanisms are also identified. The findings in the current research could provide inspirations on the designs of impact resistant and energy absorbent materials.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>30951896</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.003</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0501-6998</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000205016998</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Absorbent polymers Absorption Animal grooming Animals Catastrophic failure analysis Composite materials Compression Cracks Dependence Elastic buckling Energy Energy absorption Equine hoof Filaments Hoof Hoof and Claw - chemistry Hoof and Claw - metabolism Horses Impact loads Intermediate filaments Isotropy Keratin Keratins - chemistry Keratins - metabolism Mechanical properties Polymer matrix composites Stiffness Strain rate Stress, Mechanical Structural hierarchy Tensile Strength Tubular structure Tubules Water absorption |
| title | A natural energy absorbent polymer composite: The equine hoof wall |
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