Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of the surface chemistry and treatments of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)
The surface and near surface structure of copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) absorber layers is integral to the producing a high-quality photovoltaic junction. By using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and monitoring multiple elemental absorption edges with both theory and experiment, we are a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Solar energy materials and solar cells 2017-02, Vol.160 (C), p.390-397 |
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| creator | Schwartz, Craig Nordlund, Dennis Sokaras, Dimosthenis Contreras, Miguel Weng, Tsu-Chien Mansfield, Lorelle Hurst, Katherine E. Dameron, Arrelaine Ramanathan, Kannan Prendergast, David Christensen, Steven T. |
| description | The surface and near surface structure of copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) absorber layers is integral to the producing a high-quality photovoltaic junction. By using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and monitoring multiple elemental absorption edges with both theory and experiment, we are able to identify several features of the surface of CIGS as a function of composition and surface treatments. The XAS data shows trends in the near surface region of oxygen, copper, indium and gallium species as the copper content is varied in the films. The oxygen surface species are also monitored through a series of experiments that systematically investigates the effects of water and various solutions of: ammonium hydroxide, cadmium sulfate, and thiourea. These being components of cadmium sulfide chemical bath deposition (CBD). Characteristics of the CBD are correlated with a restorative effect that produces as normalized, uniform surface chemistry as measured by XAS. This surface chemistry is found in CIGS solar cells with excellent power conversion efficiency ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.solmat.2016.11.003 |
| format | Article |
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•Solution processing of CIGS surface produces a common chemical structure.•Solution processing removes oxidation, contamination, and damage to the CIGS surface.•High efficincy CIGS films exhibit the most well-defined surface chemical structure.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0927-0248</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-3398</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2016.11.003</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Absorption spectroscopy ; Ammonium ; Ammonium hydroxide ; Cadmium ; Cadmium sulfide ; Chemical bath deposition ; Chemical elements ; Chemistry ; CIGS ; Copper ; Copper indium gallium selenides ; Copper-indium-gallium-selenide ; Energy conversion efficiency ; Gallium ; Indium ; MATERIALS SCIENCE ; Oxygen ; Photovoltaic cells ; Photovoltaics ; Selenide ; Soft x rays ; Solar cells ; SOLAR ENERGY ; Spectroscopy ; Studies ; Sulfates ; Sulfide ; Sulfides ; Surface analysis ; Surface chemistry ; Surface structure ; Thiourea ; X-ray absorption spectroscopy ; X-ray spectroscopy ; XAS</subject><ispartof>Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2017-02, Vol.160 (C), p.390-397</ispartof><rights>2016</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier BV Feb 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c356t-c5a2f3390db7bed13f80ca2e3fb1224f758e13cac9966470dc2421335380ea53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.11.003$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,777,781,882,3537,27905,27906,45976</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347563$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Schwartz, Craig</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nordlund, Dennis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sokaras, Dimosthenis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Contreras, Miguel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weng, Tsu-Chien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mansfield, Lorelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hurst, Katherine E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dameron, Arrelaine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramanathan, Kannan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prendergast, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christensen, Steven T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of the surface chemistry and treatments of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)</title><title>Solar energy materials and solar cells</title><description>The surface and near surface structure of copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) absorber layers is integral to the producing a high-quality photovoltaic junction. By using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and monitoring multiple elemental absorption edges with both theory and experiment, we are able to identify several features of the surface of CIGS as a function of composition and surface treatments. The XAS data shows trends in the near surface region of oxygen, copper, indium and gallium species as the copper content is varied in the films. The oxygen surface species are also monitored through a series of experiments that systematically investigates the effects of water and various solutions of: ammonium hydroxide, cadmium sulfate, and thiourea. These being components of cadmium sulfide chemical bath deposition (CBD). Characteristics of the CBD are correlated with a restorative effect that produces as normalized, uniform surface chemistry as measured by XAS. This surface chemistry is found in CIGS solar cells with excellent power conversion efficiency (<19%). The results provide new insight for CIGS processing strategies that seek to replace CBD and/or cadmium sulfide.
•Solution processing of CIGS surface produces a common chemical structure.•Solution processing removes oxidation, contamination, and damage to the CIGS surface.•High efficincy CIGS films exhibit the most well-defined surface chemical structure.</description><subject>Absorption spectroscopy</subject><subject>Ammonium</subject><subject>Ammonium hydroxide</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Cadmium sulfide</subject><subject>Chemical bath deposition</subject><subject>Chemical elements</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>CIGS</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Copper indium gallium selenides</subject><subject>Copper-indium-gallium-selenide</subject><subject>Energy conversion efficiency</subject><subject>Gallium</subject><subject>Indium</subject><subject>MATERIALS SCIENCE</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Photovoltaic cells</subject><subject>Photovoltaics</subject><subject>Selenide</subject><subject>Soft x rays</subject><subject>Solar cells</subject><subject>SOLAR ENERGY</subject><subject>Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Sulfates</subject><subject>Sulfide</subject><subject>Sulfides</subject><subject>Surface analysis</subject><subject>Surface chemistry</subject><subject>Surface structure</subject><subject>Thiourea</subject><subject>X-ray absorption spectroscopy</subject><subject>X-ray spectroscopy</subject><subject>XAS</subject><issn>0927-0248</issn><issn>1879-3398</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kT9vFDEQxS0EEkfgG1BY0ECxy9jevw0SOkESKRJFUtBZPnuc82nXXmxfpKv54nhZ6lQjy-83em8eIe8Z1AxY9-VUpzDNKte8vGrGagDxguzY0I-VEOPwkuxg5H0FvBlekzcpnQCAd6LZkT_3wWb6q4rqQtUhhbhkFzxNC-ocQ9JhuVDnnzBl96j-fQVL8xFpOkerNFJ9xNmlHAvuDc0RVZ7R57TqCr1gLLxx55k-qmlap3EJJ_TOIP20v72-__yWvLJqSvju_7wiDz--P-xvqruf17f7b3eVFm2XK90qbkscMIf-gIYJO4BWHIU9MM4b27cDMqGVHseua3owmjecCdGKAVC14op82NaGEkYm7TLqow7el6iSiaZvO1FEHzfREsPvc4ktT-EcfbEl2dh2wEYYoaiaTaXLjVJEK5foZhUvkoFcK5EnuVUi10okY7JUUrCvG4Yl5ZPDuLpAr9G4uJowwT2_4C-OOZhN</recordid><startdate>201702</startdate><enddate>201702</enddate><creator>Schwartz, Craig</creator><creator>Nordlund, Dennis</creator><creator>Sokaras, Dimosthenis</creator><creator>Contreras, Miguel</creator><creator>Weng, Tsu-Chien</creator><creator>Mansfield, Lorelle</creator><creator>Hurst, Katherine E.</creator><creator>Dameron, Arrelaine</creator><creator>Ramanathan, Kannan</creator><creator>Prendergast, David</creator><creator>Christensen, Steven T.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier BV</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>OIOZB</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201702</creationdate><title>Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of the surface chemistry and treatments of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)</title><author>Schwartz, Craig ; Nordlund, Dennis ; Sokaras, Dimosthenis ; Contreras, Miguel ; Weng, Tsu-Chien ; Mansfield, Lorelle ; Hurst, Katherine E. ; Dameron, Arrelaine ; Ramanathan, Kannan ; Prendergast, David ; Christensen, Steven T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c356t-c5a2f3390db7bed13f80ca2e3fb1224f758e13cac9966470dc2421335380ea53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Absorption spectroscopy</topic><topic>Ammonium</topic><topic>Ammonium hydroxide</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Cadmium sulfide</topic><topic>Chemical bath deposition</topic><topic>Chemical elements</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>CIGS</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Copper indium gallium selenides</topic><topic>Copper-indium-gallium-selenide</topic><topic>Energy conversion efficiency</topic><topic>Gallium</topic><topic>Indium</topic><topic>MATERIALS SCIENCE</topic><topic>Oxygen</topic><topic>Photovoltaic cells</topic><topic>Photovoltaics</topic><topic>Selenide</topic><topic>Soft x rays</topic><topic>Solar cells</topic><topic>SOLAR ENERGY</topic><topic>Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Sulfates</topic><topic>Sulfide</topic><topic>Sulfides</topic><topic>Surface analysis</topic><topic>Surface chemistry</topic><topic>Surface structure</topic><topic>Thiourea</topic><topic>X-ray absorption spectroscopy</topic><topic>X-ray spectroscopy</topic><topic>XAS</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Schwartz, Craig</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nordlund, Dennis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sokaras, Dimosthenis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Contreras, Miguel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weng, Tsu-Chien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mansfield, Lorelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hurst, Katherine E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dameron, Arrelaine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramanathan, Kannan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prendergast, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christensen, Steven T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>National Renewable Energy Lab. 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(LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV - Hybrid</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Solar energy materials and solar cells</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Schwartz, Craig</au><au>Nordlund, Dennis</au><au>Sokaras, Dimosthenis</au><au>Contreras, Miguel</au><au>Weng, Tsu-Chien</au><au>Mansfield, Lorelle</au><au>Hurst, Katherine E.</au><au>Dameron, Arrelaine</au><au>Ramanathan, Kannan</au><au>Prendergast, David</au><au>Christensen, Steven T.</au><aucorp>SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)</aucorp><aucorp>National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)</aucorp><aucorp>Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of the surface chemistry and treatments of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)</atitle><jtitle>Solar energy materials and solar cells</jtitle><date>2017-02</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>160</volume><issue>C</issue><spage>390</spage><epage>397</epage><pages>390-397</pages><issn>0927-0248</issn><eissn>1879-3398</eissn><abstract>The surface and near surface structure of copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) absorber layers is integral to the producing a high-quality photovoltaic junction. By using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and monitoring multiple elemental absorption edges with both theory and experiment, we are able to identify several features of the surface of CIGS as a function of composition and surface treatments. The XAS data shows trends in the near surface region of oxygen, copper, indium and gallium species as the copper content is varied in the films. The oxygen surface species are also monitored through a series of experiments that systematically investigates the effects of water and various solutions of: ammonium hydroxide, cadmium sulfate, and thiourea. These being components of cadmium sulfide chemical bath deposition (CBD). Characteristics of the CBD are correlated with a restorative effect that produces as normalized, uniform surface chemistry as measured by XAS. This surface chemistry is found in CIGS solar cells with excellent power conversion efficiency (<19%). The results provide new insight for CIGS processing strategies that seek to replace CBD and/or cadmium sulfide.
•Solution processing of CIGS surface produces a common chemical structure.•Solution processing removes oxidation, contamination, and damage to the CIGS surface.•High efficincy CIGS films exhibit the most well-defined surface chemical structure.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.solmat.2016.11.003</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2017-02, Vol.160 (C), p.390-397 |
| issn | 0927-0248 1879-3398 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Absorption spectroscopy Ammonium Ammonium hydroxide Cadmium Cadmium sulfide Chemical bath deposition Chemical elements Chemistry CIGS Copper Copper indium gallium selenides Copper-indium-gallium-selenide Energy conversion efficiency Gallium Indium MATERIALS SCIENCE Oxygen Photovoltaic cells Photovoltaics Selenide Soft x rays Solar cells SOLAR ENERGY Spectroscopy Studies Sulfates Sulfide Sulfides Surface analysis Surface chemistry Surface structure Thiourea X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy XAS |
| title | Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of the surface chemistry and treatments of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) |
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