Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response
A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk (2016) asserts that the ERoEI (also referred to as EROI) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is so low that they actually act as net energy sinks, rather than delivering energy to society. Such claim, if accurate, would call into question many energy investment decisio...
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| creator | Raugei, Marco Sgouridis, Sgouris Murphy, David Fthenakis, Vasilis Frischknecht, Rolf Breyer, Christian Bardi, Ugo Barnhart, Charles Buckley, Alastair Carbajales-Dale, Michael Csala, Denes de Wild-Scholten, Mariska Heath, Garvin Jæger-Waldau, Arnulf Jones, Christopher Keller, Arthur Leccisi, Enrica Mancarella, Pierluigi Pearsall, Nicola Siegel, Adam Sinke, Wim Stolz, Philippe |
| description | A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk (2016) asserts that the ERoEI (also referred to as EROI) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is so low that they actually act as net energy sinks, rather than delivering energy to society. Such claim, if accurate, would call into question many energy investment decisions. In the same paper, a comparison is also drawn between PV and nuclear electricity. We have carefully analysed this paper, and found methodological inconsistencies and calculation errors that, in combination, render its conclusions not scientifically sound. Ferroni and Hopkirk adopt ‘extended’ boundaries for their analysis of PV without acknowledging that such choice of boundaries makes their results incompatible with those for all other technologies that have been analysed using more conventional boundaries, including nuclear energy with which the authors engage in multiple inconsistent comparisons. In addition, they use out-dated information, make invalid assumptions on PV specifications and other key parameters, and conduct calculation errors, including double counting. We herein provide revised EROI calculations for PV electricity in Switzerland, adopting both conventional and ‘extended’ system boundaries, to contrast with their results, which points to an order-of-magnitude underestimate of the EROI of PV in Switzerland by Ferroni and Hopkirk.
•A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk estimated an EROI=0.8 for PV in Switzerland.•We identify several critical methodological and calculation flaws in that paper.•We discuss such flaws in detail and rebut Ferroni and Hopkirk's conclusions.•We provide revised EROI calculations with both conventional and extended boundaries. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.042 |
| format | Article |
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•A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk estimated an EROI=0.8 for PV in Switzerland.•We identify several critical methodological and calculation flaws in that paper.•We discuss such flaws in detail and rebut Ferroni and Hopkirk's conclusions.•We provide revised EROI calculations with both conventional and extended boundaries.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0301-4215</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-6777</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.042</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ENPYAC</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adjustment factor ; Borders ; Boundaries ; Electricity ; Energy ; ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY ; ERoEI ; EROI ; Errors ; Germany ; Incentive system ; Insolation levels ; Investment ; Investments ; Mathematical analysis ; Nuclear energy ; Nuclear engineering ; Nuclear reactor components ; Nuclear reactors ; Photovoltaic cells ; Photovoltaic energy ; Photovoltaics ; Solar cells ; SOLAR ENERGY ; Studies ; Switzerland</subject><ispartof>Energy policy, 2017-03, Vol.102 (C), p.377-384</ispartof><rights>2016 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Mar 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-8f4ea4f4b78b31c29faf9c25b99d02206e00a84d2184c41359d1f5d4a3a49a803</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-8f4ea4f4b78b31c29faf9c25b99d02206e00a84d2184c41359d1f5d4a3a49a803</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516307066$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3537,27843,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1343085$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Raugei, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sgouridis, Sgouris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murphy, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fthenakis, Vasilis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frischknecht, Rolf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Breyer, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bardi, Ugo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barnhart, Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buckley, Alastair</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carbajales-Dale, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Csala, Denes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Wild-Scholten, Mariska</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heath, Garvin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jæger-Waldau, Arnulf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keller, Arthur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leccisi, Enrica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mancarella, Pierluigi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pearsall, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegel, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sinke, Wim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stolz, Philippe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response</title><title>Energy policy</title><description>A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk (2016) asserts that the ERoEI (also referred to as EROI) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is so low that they actually act as net energy sinks, rather than delivering energy to society. Such claim, if accurate, would call into question many energy investment decisions. In the same paper, a comparison is also drawn between PV and nuclear electricity. We have carefully analysed this paper, and found methodological inconsistencies and calculation errors that, in combination, render its conclusions not scientifically sound. Ferroni and Hopkirk adopt ‘extended’ boundaries for their analysis of PV without acknowledging that such choice of boundaries makes their results incompatible with those for all other technologies that have been analysed using more conventional boundaries, including nuclear energy with which the authors engage in multiple inconsistent comparisons. In addition, they use out-dated information, make invalid assumptions on PV specifications and other key parameters, and conduct calculation errors, including double counting. We herein provide revised EROI calculations for PV electricity in Switzerland, adopting both conventional and ‘extended’ system boundaries, to contrast with their results, which points to an order-of-magnitude underestimate of the EROI of PV in Switzerland by Ferroni and Hopkirk.
•A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk estimated an EROI=0.8 for PV in Switzerland.•We identify several critical methodological and calculation flaws in that paper.•We discuss such flaws in detail and rebut Ferroni and Hopkirk's conclusions.•We provide revised EROI calculations with both conventional and extended boundaries.</description><subject>Adjustment factor</subject><subject>Borders</subject><subject>Boundaries</subject><subject>Electricity</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY</subject><subject>ERoEI</subject><subject>EROI</subject><subject>Errors</subject><subject>Germany</subject><subject>Incentive system</subject><subject>Insolation levels</subject><subject>Investment</subject><subject>Investments</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Nuclear energy</subject><subject>Nuclear engineering</subject><subject>Nuclear reactor components</subject><subject>Nuclear reactors</subject><subject>Photovoltaic cells</subject><subject>Photovoltaic energy</subject><subject>Photovoltaics</subject><subject>Solar cells</subject><subject>SOLAR ENERGY</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Switzerland</subject><issn>0301-4215</issn><issn>1873-6777</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUFr3DAQhU1podskvyAX0V7Sgx1Jli250EMI23YhUAjtWWjlcVaLrXEl7cKe88crZ3PqoadhHt8MM-8VxTWjFaOsvd1X4GccK56bivGKCv6mWDEl67KVUr4tVrSmrBScNe-LDzHuKaVCdWJVPK89hKcTeYR0CJ6gJ6_Cxh8hJujJzfoR15vPZMBA5h0mPOKYjLMk4mgCiadMTZE4TwI8OfSR4EAm7CGYBFlesJT1L-SOWJzmADvw0R0h83HOPFwW7wYzRrh6rRfF72_rX_c_yoef3zf3dw-lFW2XSjUIMGIQW6m2NbO8G8zQWd5su66nnNMWKDVK9JwpYQWrm65nQ9MLUxvRGUXri-LjeS_G5HS0LoHdWfQebNKsFjVVTYZuztAc8M8hW6AnFy2Mo_GAh6iZ6pgQVAqe0U__oHvMJuYXMqUaKaRUbabqM2UDxhhg0HNwkwknzahe0tN7_ZKeXtLTjGv6svvreQqyIUcHYbkXvIXeheXcHt1_5_8Cl4Gkpg</recordid><startdate>20170301</startdate><enddate>20170301</enddate><creator>Raugei, Marco</creator><creator>Sgouridis, Sgouris</creator><creator>Murphy, David</creator><creator>Fthenakis, Vasilis</creator><creator>Frischknecht, Rolf</creator><creator>Breyer, Christian</creator><creator>Bardi, Ugo</creator><creator>Barnhart, Charles</creator><creator>Buckley, Alastair</creator><creator>Carbajales-Dale, Michael</creator><creator>Csala, Denes</creator><creator>de Wild-Scholten, Mariska</creator><creator>Heath, Garvin</creator><creator>Jæger-Waldau, Arnulf</creator><creator>Jones, Christopher</creator><creator>Keller, Arthur</creator><creator>Leccisi, Enrica</creator><creator>Mancarella, Pierluigi</creator><creator>Pearsall, Nicola</creator><creator>Siegel, Adam</creator><creator>Sinke, Wim</creator><creator>Stolz, Philippe</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>OIOZB</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170301</creationdate><title>Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response</title><author>Raugei, Marco ; Sgouridis, Sgouris ; Murphy, David ; Fthenakis, Vasilis ; Frischknecht, Rolf ; Breyer, Christian ; Bardi, Ugo ; Barnhart, Charles ; Buckley, Alastair ; Carbajales-Dale, Michael ; Csala, Denes ; de Wild-Scholten, Mariska ; Heath, Garvin ; Jæger-Waldau, Arnulf ; Jones, Christopher ; Keller, Arthur ; Leccisi, Enrica ; Mancarella, Pierluigi ; Pearsall, Nicola ; Siegel, Adam ; Sinke, Wim ; Stolz, Philippe</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-8f4ea4f4b78b31c29faf9c25b99d02206e00a84d2184c41359d1f5d4a3a49a803</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Adjustment factor</topic><topic>Borders</topic><topic>Boundaries</topic><topic>Electricity</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY</topic><topic>ERoEI</topic><topic>EROI</topic><topic>Errors</topic><topic>Germany</topic><topic>Incentive system</topic><topic>Insolation levels</topic><topic>Investment</topic><topic>Investments</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Nuclear energy</topic><topic>Nuclear engineering</topic><topic>Nuclear reactor components</topic><topic>Nuclear reactors</topic><topic>Photovoltaic cells</topic><topic>Photovoltaic energy</topic><topic>Photovoltaics</topic><topic>Solar cells</topic><topic>SOLAR ENERGY</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Switzerland</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Raugei, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sgouridis, Sgouris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murphy, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fthenakis, Vasilis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frischknecht, Rolf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Breyer, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bardi, Ugo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barnhart, Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buckley, Alastair</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carbajales-Dale, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Csala, Denes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Wild-Scholten, Mariska</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heath, Garvin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jæger-Waldau, Arnulf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keller, Arthur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leccisi, Enrica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mancarella, Pierluigi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pearsall, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegel, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sinke, Wim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stolz, Philippe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>PAIS Index</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>PAIS International</collection><collection>PAIS International (Ovid)</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV - Hybrid</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Energy policy</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Raugei, Marco</au><au>Sgouridis, Sgouris</au><au>Murphy, David</au><au>Fthenakis, Vasilis</au><au>Frischknecht, Rolf</au><au>Breyer, Christian</au><au>Bardi, Ugo</au><au>Barnhart, Charles</au><au>Buckley, Alastair</au><au>Carbajales-Dale, Michael</au><au>Csala, Denes</au><au>de Wild-Scholten, Mariska</au><au>Heath, Garvin</au><au>Jæger-Waldau, Arnulf</au><au>Jones, Christopher</au><au>Keller, Arthur</au><au>Leccisi, Enrica</au><au>Mancarella, Pierluigi</au><au>Pearsall, Nicola</au><au>Siegel, Adam</au><au>Sinke, Wim</au><au>Stolz, Philippe</au><aucorp>National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response</atitle><jtitle>Energy policy</jtitle><date>2017-03-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>102</volume><issue>C</issue><spage>377</spage><epage>384</epage><pages>377-384</pages><issn>0301-4215</issn><eissn>1873-6777</eissn><coden>ENPYAC</coden><abstract>A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk (2016) asserts that the ERoEI (also referred to as EROI) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is so low that they actually act as net energy sinks, rather than delivering energy to society. Such claim, if accurate, would call into question many energy investment decisions. In the same paper, a comparison is also drawn between PV and nuclear electricity. We have carefully analysed this paper, and found methodological inconsistencies and calculation errors that, in combination, render its conclusions not scientifically sound. Ferroni and Hopkirk adopt ‘extended’ boundaries for their analysis of PV without acknowledging that such choice of boundaries makes their results incompatible with those for all other technologies that have been analysed using more conventional boundaries, including nuclear energy with which the authors engage in multiple inconsistent comparisons. In addition, they use out-dated information, make invalid assumptions on PV specifications and other key parameters, and conduct calculation errors, including double counting. We herein provide revised EROI calculations for PV electricity in Switzerland, adopting both conventional and ‘extended’ system boundaries, to contrast with their results, which points to an order-of-magnitude underestimate of the EROI of PV in Switzerland by Ferroni and Hopkirk.
•A recent paper by Ferroni and Hopkirk estimated an EROI=0.8 for PV in Switzerland.•We identify several critical methodological and calculation flaws in that paper.•We discuss such flaws in detail and rebut Ferroni and Hopkirk's conclusions.•We provide revised EROI calculations with both conventional and extended boundaries.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.042</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Energy policy, 2017-03, Vol.102 (C), p.377-384 |
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| source | PAIS Index; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Adjustment factor Borders Boundaries Electricity Energy ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY ERoEI EROI Errors Germany Incentive system Insolation levels Investment Investments Mathematical analysis Nuclear energy Nuclear engineering Nuclear reactor components Nuclear reactors Photovoltaic cells Photovoltaic energy Photovoltaics Solar cells SOLAR ENERGY Studies Switzerland |
| title | Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response |
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