Quantitative Assessment and Repeatability of Chlorine in Exhaled Breath Condensate
Background: Airway condition is presumably reflected in epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used as a surrogate marker of the composition of ELF. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the technical repeatability of chlorine measurements in EBC and comparing tw...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Respiration 2005-09, Vol.72 (5), p.529-536 |
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| creator | Davidsson, A. Naidu Sjöswärd, K. Lundman, L. Schmekel, B. |
| description | Background: Airway condition is presumably reflected in epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used as a surrogate marker of the composition of ELF. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the technical repeatability of chlorine measurements in EBC and comparing two separate condensators (Ecoscreen ® and R Tube ™ ) regarding recovery and repeatability. Furthermore, the association between condensate recoveries and variations in the airway status were scrutinized. Methods: EBC was collected using two condensators from 10 healthy volunteers. In addition, 13 asthmatic patients produced EBC with or without an added resistance of 5 cm H 2 O (Res5), applied to the outflow tract of Ecoscreen. All tests were done in random order. Chlorine levels (analyzed by a coulometric technique) in EBC served as a tool for investigation. Results: Chlorine was measurable in all samples. The coefficient of repeatability of chlorine measurements was |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1159/000087679 |
| format | Article |
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Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used as a surrogate marker of the composition of ELF. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the technical repeatability of chlorine measurements in EBC and comparing two separate condensators (Ecoscreen ® and R Tube ™ ) regarding recovery and repeatability. Furthermore, the association between condensate recoveries and variations in the airway status were scrutinized. Methods: EBC was collected using two condensators from 10 healthy volunteers. In addition, 13 asthmatic patients produced EBC with or without an added resistance of 5 cm H 2 O (Res5), applied to the outflow tract of Ecoscreen. All tests were done in random order. Chlorine levels (analyzed by a coulometric technique) in EBC served as a tool for investigation. Results: Chlorine was measurable in all samples. The coefficient of repeatability of chlorine measurements was <10%. Chlorine levels were higher in EBC obtained from R Tube (p < 0.001), and differences in recoveries and variability in chlorine levels were presumably related to technical differences in the condensators and not to the repeatability of chlorine measurements per se. Air-flow-dependent chlorine levels were obtained from healthy volunteers. Application of Res5, recruiting additional alveoli, resulted in increased recovery of the EBC volume, but not of chlorine, from those that had the most pronounced airway obstruction (p = 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that by employing a sensitive analysis technique, chlorine is repeatedly measurable in EBC. We suggest that the bulk of chlorine in EBC originates from large airways and not from the alveolar area. Both condensators were comparable regarding repeatability but differed regarding chlorine recovery.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0025-7931</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1423-0356</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1159/000087679</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16210893</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger AG</publisher><subject>Adult ; Asthma - metabolism ; Asthma - physiopathology ; Body fluids ; Breath Tests - instrumentation ; Breath Tests - methods ; Chlorine ; Chlorine - metabolism ; Clinical Investigations ; Exhalation - physiology ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; Respiratory system ; Tidal Volume</subject><ispartof>Respiration, 2005-09, Vol.72 (5), p.529-536</ispartof><rights>2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><rights>Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.</rights><rights>Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1753-ee87b420efbd65c2977cceaaab6f4180788fcd29f86ee4eddf3a9c91789c9593</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1753-ee87b420efbd65c2977cceaaab6f4180788fcd29f86ee4eddf3a9c91789c9593</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,2429,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210893$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Davidsson, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naidu Sjöswärd, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lundman, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmekel, B.</creatorcontrib><title>Quantitative Assessment and Repeatability of Chlorine in Exhaled Breath Condensate</title><title>Respiration</title><addtitle>Respiration</addtitle><description>Background: Airway condition is presumably reflected in epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used as a surrogate marker of the composition of ELF. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the technical repeatability of chlorine measurements in EBC and comparing two separate condensators (Ecoscreen ® and R Tube ™ ) regarding recovery and repeatability. Furthermore, the association between condensate recoveries and variations in the airway status were scrutinized. Methods: EBC was collected using two condensators from 10 healthy volunteers. In addition, 13 asthmatic patients produced EBC with or without an added resistance of 5 cm H 2 O (Res5), applied to the outflow tract of Ecoscreen. All tests were done in random order. Chlorine levels (analyzed by a coulometric technique) in EBC served as a tool for investigation. Results: Chlorine was measurable in all samples. The coefficient of repeatability of chlorine measurements was <10%. Chlorine levels were higher in EBC obtained from R Tube (p < 0.001), and differences in recoveries and variability in chlorine levels were presumably related to technical differences in the condensators and not to the repeatability of chlorine measurements per se. Air-flow-dependent chlorine levels were obtained from healthy volunteers. Application of Res5, recruiting additional alveoli, resulted in increased recovery of the EBC volume, but not of chlorine, from those that had the most pronounced airway obstruction (p = 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that by employing a sensitive analysis technique, chlorine is repeatedly measurable in EBC. We suggest that the bulk of chlorine in EBC originates from large airways and not from the alveolar area. Both condensators were comparable regarding repeatability but differed regarding chlorine recovery.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Asthma - metabolism</subject><subject>Asthma - physiopathology</subject><subject>Body fluids</subject><subject>Breath Tests - instrumentation</subject><subject>Breath Tests - methods</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Chlorine - metabolism</subject><subject>Clinical Investigations</subject><subject>Exhalation - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Forced Expiratory Volume</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Respiratory system</subject><subject>Tidal Volume</subject><issn>0025-7931</issn><issn>1423-0356</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpF0E1LAzEQBuAgiq3Vg2dBgjcPq0n2I8lRl_oBBbH0vmQ3E7u1zdYkK_bfG9lSc5hcnplhXoQuKbmjNJf3JD7BCy6P0JhmLE1ImhfHaEwIyxMuUzpCZ96vCKG5EOwUjWjBKBEyHaP5e69saIMK7TfgB-_B-w3YgJXVeA5bUEHV7boNO9wZXC7XnWst4Nbi6c9SrUHjRxfNEped1WC9CnCOToxae7jY_xO0eJouypdk9vb8Wj7MkobyPE0ABK8zRsDUusgbJjlvGlBK1YXJqCBcCNNoJo0oADLQ2qRKNpJyEWsu0wm6GcZuXffVgw_VquudjRsrxgSLl1IS0e2AGtd578BUW9dulNtVlFR_2VWH7KK93g_s6w3of7kPK4KrAXwq9wHuAIb2X4uxcnw</recordid><startdate>200509</startdate><enddate>200509</enddate><creator>Davidsson, A.</creator><creator>Naidu Sjöswärd, K.</creator><creator>Lundman, L.</creator><creator>Schmekel, B.</creator><general>S. Karger AG</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RQ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>U9A</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200509</creationdate><title>Quantitative Assessment and Repeatability of Chlorine in Exhaled Breath Condensate</title><author>Davidsson, A. ; Naidu Sjöswärd, K. ; Lundman, L. ; Schmekel, B.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1753-ee87b420efbd65c2977cceaaab6f4180788fcd29f86ee4eddf3a9c91789c9593</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Asthma - metabolism</topic><topic>Asthma - physiopathology</topic><topic>Body fluids</topic><topic>Breath Tests - instrumentation</topic><topic>Breath Tests - methods</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Chlorine - metabolism</topic><topic>Clinical Investigations</topic><topic>Exhalation - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Forced Expiratory Volume</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Respiratory system</topic><topic>Tidal Volume</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Davidsson, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naidu Sjöswärd, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lundman, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmekel, B.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Career & Technical Education Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Respiration</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Davidsson, A.</au><au>Naidu Sjöswärd, K.</au><au>Lundman, L.</au><au>Schmekel, B.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Quantitative Assessment and Repeatability of Chlorine in Exhaled Breath Condensate</atitle><jtitle>Respiration</jtitle><addtitle>Respiration</addtitle><date>2005-09</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>72</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>529</spage><epage>536</epage><pages>529-536</pages><issn>0025-7931</issn><eissn>1423-0356</eissn><abstract>Background: Airway condition is presumably reflected in epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used as a surrogate marker of the composition of ELF. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the technical repeatability of chlorine measurements in EBC and comparing two separate condensators (Ecoscreen ® and R Tube ™ ) regarding recovery and repeatability. Furthermore, the association between condensate recoveries and variations in the airway status were scrutinized. Methods: EBC was collected using two condensators from 10 healthy volunteers. In addition, 13 asthmatic patients produced EBC with or without an added resistance of 5 cm H 2 O (Res5), applied to the outflow tract of Ecoscreen. All tests were done in random order. Chlorine levels (analyzed by a coulometric technique) in EBC served as a tool for investigation. Results: Chlorine was measurable in all samples. The coefficient of repeatability of chlorine measurements was <10%. Chlorine levels were higher in EBC obtained from R Tube (p < 0.001), and differences in recoveries and variability in chlorine levels were presumably related to technical differences in the condensators and not to the repeatability of chlorine measurements per se. Air-flow-dependent chlorine levels were obtained from healthy volunteers. Application of Res5, recruiting additional alveoli, resulted in increased recovery of the EBC volume, but not of chlorine, from those that had the most pronounced airway obstruction (p = 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that by employing a sensitive analysis technique, chlorine is repeatedly measurable in EBC. We suggest that the bulk of chlorine in EBC originates from large airways and not from the alveolar area. Both condensators were comparable regarding repeatability but differed regarding chlorine recovery.</abstract><cop>Basel, Switzerland</cop><pub>S. Karger AG</pub><pmid>16210893</pmid><doi>10.1159/000087679</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Karger Journals |
| subjects | Adult Asthma - metabolism Asthma - physiopathology Body fluids Breath Tests - instrumentation Breath Tests - methods Chlorine Chlorine - metabolism Clinical Investigations Exhalation - physiology Female Forced Expiratory Volume Humans Male Middle Aged Reproducibility of Results Respiratory system Tidal Volume |
| title | Quantitative Assessment and Repeatability of Chlorine in Exhaled Breath Condensate |
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