Factors Associated with Alexithymia in Patients Suffering from Depression
Background: We studied the factors associated with alexithymia in 137 depressed outpatients. Methods: Diagnosis of depression was confirmed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Alexithymia was screened using the 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Severity of de...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 1999-09, Vol.68 (5), p.270-275 |
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| container_title | Psychotherapy and psychosomatics |
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| creator | Honkalampi, Kirsi Saarinen, Pirjo Hintikka, Jukka Virtanen, Vuokko Viinamäki, Heimo |
| description | Background: We studied the factors associated with alexithymia in 137 depressed outpatients. Methods: Diagnosis of depression was confirmed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Alexithymia was screened using the 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Severity of depression was assessed using the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory, and other psychiatric symptoms with the help of the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90). Life satisfaction was also assessed with a structured scale. Results: Almost half of the patients were considered alexithymic. They were significantly more often male, unmarried and had a lower education than the nonalexithymic patients. Alexithymic patients more often showed psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90) and were also more often severely depressed and dissatisfied with their life than were the other patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that four factors were independently associated with alexithymia: male gender, a low level of education, low life satisfaction and severe depression. Sleep disturbances were independently associated with alexithymia in men and severe depression in women. Conclusions: Alexithymia is very common among patients with depressive disorder. An awareness of these risk factors would be useful in improving the efficacy of treatment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1159/000012343 |
| format | Article |
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Methods: Diagnosis of depression was confirmed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Alexithymia was screened using the 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Severity of depression was assessed using the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory, and other psychiatric symptoms with the help of the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90). Life satisfaction was also assessed with a structured scale. Results: Almost half of the patients were considered alexithymic. They were significantly more often male, unmarried and had a lower education than the nonalexithymic patients. Alexithymic patients more often showed psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90) and were also more often severely depressed and dissatisfied with their life than were the other patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that four factors were independently associated with alexithymia: male gender, a low level of education, low life satisfaction and severe depression. Sleep disturbances were independently associated with alexithymia in men and severe depression in women. Conclusions: Alexithymia is very common among patients with depressive disorder. An awareness of these risk factors would be useful in improving the efficacy of treatment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0033-3190</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1423-0348</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1159/000012343</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10516532</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PSPSBF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger AG</publisher><subject>Adult ; Adult and adolescent clinical studies ; Affective Symptoms - complications ; Affective Symptoms - epidemiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder - complications ; Educational Status ; Female ; Finland - epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Mood disorders ; Odds Ratio ; Population Surveillance ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Quality of Life ; Regular Article ; Risk Factors ; Sampling Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sex Distribution ; Sleep Wake Disorders - complications ; Social Support</subject><ispartof>Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 1999-09, Vol.68 (5), p.270-275</ispartof><rights>1999 S. Karger AG</rights><rights>1999 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><rights>1999 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-9df65f3f408a44c4d1ec5b697be88309b8e944dbade34aae6f58c4062af874b33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-9df65f3f408a44c4d1ec5b697be88309b8e944dbade34aae6f58c4062af874b33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48510536$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/48510536$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,2423,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1932052$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10516532$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Honkalampi, Kirsi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saarinen, Pirjo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hintikka, Jukka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virtanen, Vuokko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Viinamäki, Heimo</creatorcontrib><title>Factors Associated with Alexithymia in Patients Suffering from Depression</title><title>Psychotherapy and psychosomatics</title><addtitle>Psychother Psychosom</addtitle><description>Background: We studied the factors associated with alexithymia in 137 depressed outpatients. Methods: Diagnosis of depression was confirmed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Alexithymia was screened using the 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Severity of depression was assessed using the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory, and other psychiatric symptoms with the help of the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90). Life satisfaction was also assessed with a structured scale. Results: Almost half of the patients were considered alexithymic. They were significantly more often male, unmarried and had a lower education than the nonalexithymic patients. Alexithymic patients more often showed psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90) and were also more often severely depressed and dissatisfied with their life than were the other patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that four factors were independently associated with alexithymia: male gender, a low level of education, low life satisfaction and severe depression. Sleep disturbances were independently associated with alexithymia in men and severe depression in women. Conclusions: Alexithymia is very common among patients with depressive disorder. An awareness of these risk factors would be useful in improving the efficacy of treatment.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</subject><subject>Affective Symptoms - complications</subject><subject>Affective Symptoms - epidemiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Depression</subject><subject>Depressive Disorder - complications</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Finland - epidemiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mood disorders</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>Population Surveillance</subject><subject>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Quality of Life</subject><subject>Regular Article</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Sampling Studies</subject><subject>Severity of Illness Index</subject><subject>Sex Distribution</subject><subject>Sleep Wake Disorders - complications</subject><subject>Social Support</subject><issn>0033-3190</issn><issn>1423-0348</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0U1P3DAQBmALFcEWOHCuWuVQVeIQamfsxDmuoAtISCC1PUeOM6am-Vg8WcH-e7zKauGGL3N4H81Irxk7FfxcCFX-5PGJDCTssZmQGaQcpP7EZpwDpCBKfsg-Ez1GVciCH7BDwZXIFWQzdrMwdhwCJXOiwXozYpM8-_FfMm_xJc51503i--TejB77kZLfK-cw-P4hcWHokktcBiTyQ3_M9p1pCU-284j9Xfz6c3Gd3t5d3VzMb1MLGsa0bFyuHDjJtZHSykagVXVeFjVqDbysNZZSNrVpEKQxmDulreR5ZpwuZA1wxH5Me5dheFohjVXnyWLbmh6HFVUF1xnPlPwQZryETBVlhGcTtGEgCuiqZfCdCetK8GpTcLUrONpv26WrusPmnZwajeD7FhiypnXB9NbTm4s3udqwLxP7b8IDhrd8e-XrlD5S_JxdKLWKdyCHV9QPlB0</recordid><startdate>19990901</startdate><enddate>19990901</enddate><creator>Honkalampi, Kirsi</creator><creator>Saarinen, Pirjo</creator><creator>Hintikka, Jukka</creator><creator>Virtanen, Vuokko</creator><creator>Viinamäki, Heimo</creator><general>S. Karger AG</general><general>Karger</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19990901</creationdate><title>Factors Associated with Alexithymia in Patients Suffering from Depression</title><author>Honkalampi, Kirsi ; Saarinen, Pirjo ; Hintikka, Jukka ; Virtanen, Vuokko ; Viinamäki, Heimo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-9df65f3f408a44c4d1ec5b697be88309b8e944dbade34aae6f58c4062af874b33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</topic><topic>Affective Symptoms - complications</topic><topic>Affective Symptoms - epidemiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Depression</topic><topic>Depressive Disorder - complications</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Finland - epidemiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Mood disorders</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>Population Surveillance</topic><topic>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Quality of Life</topic><topic>Regular Article</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Sampling Studies</topic><topic>Severity of Illness Index</topic><topic>Sex Distribution</topic><topic>Sleep Wake Disorders - complications</topic><topic>Social Support</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Honkalampi, Kirsi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saarinen, Pirjo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hintikka, Jukka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virtanen, Vuokko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Viinamäki, Heimo</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Psychotherapy and psychosomatics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Honkalampi, Kirsi</au><au>Saarinen, Pirjo</au><au>Hintikka, Jukka</au><au>Virtanen, Vuokko</au><au>Viinamäki, Heimo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Factors Associated with Alexithymia in Patients Suffering from Depression</atitle><jtitle>Psychotherapy and psychosomatics</jtitle><addtitle>Psychother Psychosom</addtitle><date>1999-09-01</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>68</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>270</spage><epage>275</epage><pages>270-275</pages><issn>0033-3190</issn><eissn>1423-0348</eissn><coden>PSPSBF</coden><abstract>Background: We studied the factors associated with alexithymia in 137 depressed outpatients. Methods: Diagnosis of depression was confirmed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Alexithymia was screened using the 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Severity of depression was assessed using the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory, and other psychiatric symptoms with the help of the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90). Life satisfaction was also assessed with a structured scale. Results: Almost half of the patients were considered alexithymic. They were significantly more often male, unmarried and had a lower education than the nonalexithymic patients. Alexithymic patients more often showed psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90) and were also more often severely depressed and dissatisfied with their life than were the other patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that four factors were independently associated with alexithymia: male gender, a low level of education, low life satisfaction and severe depression. Sleep disturbances were independently associated with alexithymia in men and severe depression in women. Conclusions: Alexithymia is very common among patients with depressive disorder. An awareness of these risk factors would be useful in improving the efficacy of treatment.</abstract><cop>Basel, Switzerland</cop><pub>S. Karger AG</pub><pmid>10516532</pmid><doi>10.1159/000012343</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Adult and adolescent clinical studies Affective Symptoms - complications Affective Symptoms - epidemiology Biological and medical sciences Depression Depressive Disorder - complications Educational Status Female Finland - epidemiology Humans Incidence Male Medical sciences Mood disorders Odds Ratio Population Surveillance Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Quality of Life Regular Article Risk Factors Sampling Studies Severity of Illness Index Sex Distribution Sleep Wake Disorders - complications Social Support |
| title | Factors Associated with Alexithymia in Patients Suffering from Depression |
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