SECONDARY FORESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES: FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY

Secondary forests are the largest and most dynamic natural forest ecosystems in the Philippines. This paper examines the characteristics and dynamics of secondary forests in the country. In the last century, the country lost 50% of its natural tropical forest cover. At present, the major land cover types in terms of areal coverage are upland farms, secondary forests, protected forests, brushlands, grasslands and tree plantations. The two most dominant types of secondary forests are post-extraction secondary forests and swidden fallow secondary forests. The former stems from legal and illegal logging, which are ultimately rooted in corruption, poverty and high population pressure. At present, post-extraction secondary forests are the main source of wood products of the country. Although secondary forests initially increase as a result of heavy commercial logging, they subsequently decrease due to degradation to brushland and conversion to agriculture. Swidden fallow secondary forests are generally associated with indigenous cultural communities who derive many ecological and socio-economic benefits from them. However, there are very limited quantitative data available on these forests, including areal coverage. The paper emphasises the need for research efforts directed at the sustainable use and conservation of secondary forests in the Philippines. Hutan sekunder merupakan ekosistem hutan semula jadi yang paling besar dan paling dinamik di Filipina. Artikel ini mengkaji ciri-ciri dan dinamik hutan sekunder di negara tersebut. Pada abad yang lepas, negara tersebut kehilangan 50% daripada litupan hutan tropika semula jadinya. Sekarang jenis-jenis tanah litupan utama dari segi luas kawasan ialah: ladang tanah tinggi, hutan sekunder, hutan lindungan, belukar, padang rumput dan ladangladang pokok. Dua jenis hutan sekunder yang paling dominan ialah hutan sekunder selepas pengekstrakan dan hutan sekunder bekas ladang. Hutan sekunder selepas pengekstrakan berpunca daripada pembalakan yang sah dan pembalakan haram yang diselubungi rasuah, kemiskinan dan tekanan penduduk yang terlalu ramai. Pada masa ini, hutan sekunder selepas pengekstrakan merupakan sumber keluaran kayu utama di negara tersebut. Walaupun hutan sekunder pada awalnya meningkat hasil pembalakan komersial secara besar-besaran, ia akhirnya berkurangan akibat pendegradan kepada tanah belukar dan pengalihan kepada pertanian. Hutan sekunder bekas ladang secara umumnya berkait dengan penduduk asli yang men