Osteoporosis: Causes and consequences

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a major international public health problem. Painful and disabling fractures now affect approximately 50% of elderly people, and an increased incidence of fractures is predicted. Consequently there is an urgent need for therapeutic measures to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Bone mineral density of the spine and hip is correlated with fracture risk. These non-invasive measurements indicate the balance of bone loss via resorption and bone gain via formation. Diet and exercise contribute to building and preserving strong bones. Osteoporosis may be prevented or treated by agents which retard bone resorption, such as estrogens, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates, and formation-stimulating drugs such as anabolic steroids and fluoride.