Quantifying, Economising, and Marketising: Democratising the social sphere? / Quantifier, économiciser, mettre en marché : démocratiser par des chiffres ?

In recent decades, there has been an avalanche of numbers in public life, one that matches that which occurred in the first half of the nineteenth century. The difference today is that many of the numbers that are now so central to political rule pertain to performance, and depend on a felicitous interlocking of quantifying, economising, and marketising. The calculated management of life is at a critical juncture, and it is essential that we consider carefully how this is affecting who we are, what we have become, and who we wish to be. Only a few decades ago, this bandwagon seemed limited or at least focused in its reach, yet it now appears as if no domain of human endeavour can escape. We argue that it is important to differentiate quantifying, economising, and marketising, so as to counter the often phobic response to the unrelenting march of numbers in modern political rule. We call for greater attention to the role of accounting numbers, for accounting numbers go beyond the abstract models of economics and allow a form of action on the actions of others that economics does not. We argue also for greater attention to the conditionality of the performativity of quantification, so that we can identify the conditions under which numbers produce effects, and the varying nature and extent of those effects. Finally, we consider the thorny issue of "democratising" the social sphere, and note that it is only recently that quantification has been largely annexed by the phenomenon dubbed neoliberalism. Les dernières décennies ont vu se produire une nouvelle « avalanche de nombres » dans la vie publique, comparable à celle intervenue dans la première moitié du XIX siècle. La différence est qu'aujourd'hui, de nombreux chiffres centraux dans les politiques menées portent sur la performance et dépendent d'une combinaison réussie de quantification, de mise en économie (« économicisation ») et de mise en marché. La gestion calculée de la vie est parvenue à un point critique, et il est essentiel de réfléchir sérieusement à la façon dont elle affecte qui nous sommes, ce que nous sommes devenus et ce que nous voulons être. Il y a seulement quelques décennies, ce mouvement semblait limité, tout au moins dans ses ambitions. Il semble désormais qu'aucun domaine d'activité ne puisse y échapper. Nous soutenons la thèse selon laquelle il est important de différencier les opérations de quantification, d'économicisation et de mise en marché afin de contrecarrer les réactions sou