Introduction

In the twenty-first century, we have witnessed the emergence of new forms of computerized surveillance systems, high-tech policing, and automated decision-making systems that have increasingly become entangled, functioning together as a new technological apparatus of social control. The movement of data from this apparatus into governing and juridical practices has become a pressing concern as we learn more about how the widespread use of these systems has disproportionately targeted and disenfranchised individuals and classes of people, in particular Black and poor people. Virginia Eubanks argues that the high-tech, data-driven tools involved in these new systems function primarily to automate already