Qualitative analysis of rivers sand sources (Silica sand, Ravi river sand, Indus river sand, and Jhelum river sand) for metal casting: a comparative study

Recent geological investigations revealed extensive use of Silica sand in Pakistan resulting in depletion of tectonic resources. Hence, it is important to explore cost-effective and alternative sources of sand for its applications. Also, Pakistan has a river network that provides river sand as a potential substitute for Silica sand. However, it is essential to systematically study and assess the potential applicability of river sand as an alternative to Silica sand. In this context, this study examined sand samples collected from various rivers in Pakistan to investigate their suitability for metal-casting molds. For that purpose, random samples were selected from major rivers in Pakistan for characterization by utilizing chemical composition analysis, microscopy, XRD, TGA-DSC (thermogravimetric analysis), clay content analysis, grain size distribution analysis, pH measurement, green and dry compression strength testing, shear strength testing, permeability analysis, shatter index analysis, compactibility testing, and Specific gravity measurement. The chemical composition analysis revealed that all types of sands contained over 90% SiO2 content. The mechanical tests demonstrated that river sand exhibited acceptable mechanical properties, with a moisture content ranging from 4.5%–5%. The pH value of all the sands exceeded 7, making them suitable for casting purposes. These investigations suggest that river sand can be effectively utilized in casting applications by implementing pre-processing techniques and incorporating additives.