Smart Contact Lens Applied to Gaze Tracking
Most current eye-trackers are camera-based and rely on image processing. To improve gaze tracking accuracy, this paper presents a new approach based on a camera-less gaze tracking system using a smart contact lens. A scleral lens is fitted with photodetectors illuminated by specific spectacles. Phot...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE sensors journal 2021-01, Vol.21 (1), p.455-463 |
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| creator | Massin, Loic Seguin, Fabrice Nourrit, Vincent Daniel, Emmanuel de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Jean-Louis Lahuec, Cyril |
| description | Most current eye-trackers are camera-based and rely on image processing. To improve gaze tracking accuracy, this paper presents a new approach based on a camera-less gaze tracking system using a smart contact lens. A scleral lens is fitted with photodetectors illuminated by specific spectacles. Photo-currents vary with eye movements as the light photodetectors received varies. The gaze direction is obtained then by computing a barycenter from the photo-currents by means of an integrated circuit implemented on the lens and powered using an inductive link. Experimental measurements with a prototype lens fitted with four infrared photodiodes and mounted on an artificial eyeball validate the method. Designed for the AMS 0.35- \mu \text{m} CMOS process, a 170~\mu \text{W} integrated circuit is proposed, including a subthreshold analog barycenter computation unit and an analog-to-digital converter. Monte Carlo analysis based on the circuit layout and measured photo-currents shows an accuracy of 0.2° can be achieved. This is 2.5 times better than current camera-based eye-trackers. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3012710 |
| format | Article |
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To improve gaze tracking accuracy, this paper presents a new approach based on a camera-less gaze tracking system using a smart contact lens. A scleral lens is fitted with photodetectors illuminated by specific spectacles. Photo-currents vary with eye movements as the light photodetectors received varies. The gaze direction is obtained then by computing a barycenter from the photo-currents by means of an integrated circuit implemented on the lens and powered using an inductive link. Experimental measurements with a prototype lens fitted with four infrared photodiodes and mounted on an artificial eyeball validate the method. Designed for the AMS 0.35-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process, a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">170~\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula> integrated circuit is proposed, including a subthreshold analog barycenter computation unit and an analog-to-digital converter. Monte Carlo analysis based on the circuit layout and measured photo-currents shows an accuracy of 0.2° can be achieved. This is 2.5 times better than current camera-based eye-trackers.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 1530-437X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-1748</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3012710</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ISJEAZ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: IEEE</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Analog circuits ; Analog to digital conversion ; Analog to digital converters ; Cameras ; Center of gravity ; Circuits ; CMOS ; Computational modeling ; Contact lenses ; Engineering Sciences ; Eye movements ; Eye-tracker ; Eyewear ; Gaze tracking ; Image processing ; Integrated circuits ; Intelligent sensors ; Lenses ; Light sources ; Photodiodes ; Photometers ; Prototypes ; smart contact lens ; subthreshold CMOS ; Tracking systems</subject><ispartof>IEEE sensors journal, 2021-01, Vol.21 (1), p.455-463</ispartof><rights>Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c327t-13ce61d6b83037953491f86a501f822ccfc94781234d70534b7b3cbd856bce3e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c327t-13ce61d6b83037953491f86a501f822ccfc94781234d70534b7b3cbd856bce3e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5144-5884 ; 0000-0002-1949-2207 ; 0000-0002-1316-5504 ; 0000-0003-1337-3060</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9151986$$EHTML$$P50$$Gieee$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,796,885,27923,27924,54757</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9151986$$EView_record_in_IEEE$$FView_record_in_$$GIEEE</linktorsrc><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-03358544$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Massin, Loic</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seguin, Fabrice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nourrit, Vincent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daniel, Emmanuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Jean-Louis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lahuec, Cyril</creatorcontrib><title>Smart Contact Lens Applied to Gaze Tracking</title><title>IEEE sensors journal</title><addtitle>JSEN</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Most current eye-trackers are camera-based and rely on image processing. To improve gaze tracking accuracy, this paper presents a new approach based on a camera-less gaze tracking system using a smart contact lens. A scleral lens is fitted with photodetectors illuminated by specific spectacles. Photo-currents vary with eye movements as the light photodetectors received varies. The gaze direction is obtained then by computing a barycenter from the photo-currents by means of an integrated circuit implemented on the lens and powered using an inductive link. Experimental measurements with a prototype lens fitted with four infrared photodiodes and mounted on an artificial eyeball validate the method. Designed for the AMS 0.35-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process, a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">170~\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula> integrated circuit is proposed, including a subthreshold analog barycenter computation unit and an analog-to-digital converter. Monte Carlo analysis based on the circuit layout and measured photo-currents shows an accuracy of 0.2° can be achieved. This is 2.5 times better than current camera-based eye-trackers.]]></description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Analog circuits</subject><subject>Analog to digital conversion</subject><subject>Analog to digital converters</subject><subject>Cameras</subject><subject>Center of gravity</subject><subject>Circuits</subject><subject>CMOS</subject><subject>Computational modeling</subject><subject>Contact lenses</subject><subject>Engineering Sciences</subject><subject>Eye movements</subject><subject>Eye-tracker</subject><subject>Eyewear</subject><subject>Gaze tracking</subject><subject>Image processing</subject><subject>Integrated circuits</subject><subject>Intelligent sensors</subject><subject>Lenses</subject><subject>Light sources</subject><subject>Photodiodes</subject><subject>Photometers</subject><subject>Prototypes</subject><subject>smart contact lens</subject><subject>subthreshold CMOS</subject><subject>Tracking systems</subject><issn>1530-437X</issn><issn>1558-1748</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><recordid>eNo9kE9Lw0AQxRdRsFY_gHgJeBJJ3dnZze4eS-kfJeihFbwtm81GU2sSk1TQT29CSk8zzPze4_EIuQY6AaD64Wk9f54wyugEKTAJ9ISMQAgVguTqtN-Rhhzl2zm5aJotpaClkCNyv_6ydRvMyqK1rg1iXzTBtKp2uU-DtgyW9s8Hm9q6z7x4vyRnmd01_uowx-R1Md_MVmH8snycTePQIZNtCOh8BGmUKKQotUCuIVORFbQbjDmXOc2lAoY8lbR7JzJBl6RKRInz6HFM7gbfD7szVZ13CX9NaXOzmsamv1FEoQTnP9CxtwNb1eX33jet2Zb7uujiGcYjJQXTTHQUDJSry6apfXa0BWr6_kzfn-n7M4f-Os3NoMm990degwCtIvwH9pxoDw</recordid><startdate>20210101</startdate><enddate>20210101</enddate><creator>Massin, Loic</creator><creator>Seguin, Fabrice</creator><creator>Nourrit, Vincent</creator><creator>Daniel, Emmanuel</creator><creator>de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Jean-Louis</creator><creator>Lahuec, Cyril</creator><general>IEEE</general><general>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)</general><general>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</general><scope>97E</scope><scope>RIA</scope><scope>RIE</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-5884</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1949-2207</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-5504</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-3060</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210101</creationdate><title>Smart Contact Lens Applied to Gaze Tracking</title><author>Massin, Loic ; Seguin, Fabrice ; Nourrit, Vincent ; Daniel, Emmanuel ; de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Jean-Louis ; Lahuec, Cyril</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c327t-13ce61d6b83037953491f86a501f822ccfc94781234d70534b7b3cbd856bce3e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Accuracy</topic><topic>Analog circuits</topic><topic>Analog to digital conversion</topic><topic>Analog to digital converters</topic><topic>Cameras</topic><topic>Center of gravity</topic><topic>Circuits</topic><topic>CMOS</topic><topic>Computational modeling</topic><topic>Contact lenses</topic><topic>Engineering Sciences</topic><topic>Eye movements</topic><topic>Eye-tracker</topic><topic>Eyewear</topic><topic>Gaze tracking</topic><topic>Image processing</topic><topic>Integrated circuits</topic><topic>Intelligent sensors</topic><topic>Lenses</topic><topic>Light sources</topic><topic>Photodiodes</topic><topic>Photometers</topic><topic>Prototypes</topic><topic>smart contact lens</topic><topic>subthreshold CMOS</topic><topic>Tracking systems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Massin, Loic</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seguin, Fabrice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nourrit, Vincent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daniel, Emmanuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Jean-Louis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lahuec, Cyril</creatorcontrib><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present</collection><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present</collection><collection>IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>IEEE sensors journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Massin, Loic</au><au>Seguin, Fabrice</au><au>Nourrit, Vincent</au><au>Daniel, Emmanuel</au><au>de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Jean-Louis</au><au>Lahuec, Cyril</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Smart Contact Lens Applied to Gaze Tracking</atitle><jtitle>IEEE sensors journal</jtitle><stitle>JSEN</stitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>455</spage><epage>463</epage><pages>455-463</pages><issn>1530-437X</issn><eissn>1558-1748</eissn><coden>ISJEAZ</coden><abstract><![CDATA[Most current eye-trackers are camera-based and rely on image processing. To improve gaze tracking accuracy, this paper presents a new approach based on a camera-less gaze tracking system using a smart contact lens. A scleral lens is fitted with photodetectors illuminated by specific spectacles. Photo-currents vary with eye movements as the light photodetectors received varies. The gaze direction is obtained then by computing a barycenter from the photo-currents by means of an integrated circuit implemented on the lens and powered using an inductive link. Experimental measurements with a prototype lens fitted with four infrared photodiodes and mounted on an artificial eyeball validate the method. Designed for the AMS 0.35-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process, a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">170~\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula> integrated circuit is proposed, including a subthreshold analog barycenter computation unit and an analog-to-digital converter. Monte Carlo analysis based on the circuit layout and measured photo-currents shows an accuracy of 0.2° can be achieved. This is 2.5 times better than current camera-based eye-trackers.]]></abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>IEEE</pub><doi>10.1109/JSEN.2020.3012710</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-5884</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1949-2207</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-5504</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-3060</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Accuracy Analog circuits Analog to digital conversion Analog to digital converters Cameras Center of gravity Circuits CMOS Computational modeling Contact lenses Engineering Sciences Eye movements Eye-tracker Eyewear Gaze tracking Image processing Integrated circuits Intelligent sensors Lenses Light sources Photodiodes Photometers Prototypes smart contact lens subthreshold CMOS Tracking systems |
| title | Smart Contact Lens Applied to Gaze Tracking |
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