A 20-ch TDC/ADC Hybrid Architecture LiDAR SoC for 240 \times 96 Pixel 200-m Range Imaging With Smart Accumulation Technique and Residue Quantizing SAR ADC
This paper presents a time-to-digital converter/analog-to-digital-converter (TDC/ADC) hybrid LiDAR system-on-chip (SoC) to realize reliable self-driving systems. The smart accumulation technique (SAT) is proposed to achieve both 200-m and high-pixel-resolution range imaging, which was untrodden with...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE journal of solid-state circuits 2018-11, Vol.53 (11), p.3026-3038 |
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| creator | Yoshioka, Kentaro Kubota, Hiroshi Fukushima, Tomonori Kondo, Satoshi Ta, Tuan Thanh Okuni, Hidenori Watanabe, Kaori Hirono, Masatoshi Ojima, Yoshinari Kimura, Katsuyuki Hosoda, Sohichiroh Ota, Yutaka Koizumi, Tomohiro Kawabe, Naoyuki Ishii, Yasuhiro Iwagami, Yoichiro Yagi, Seitaro Fujisawa, Isao Kano, Nobuo Sugimoto, Tomohiko Kurose, Daisuke Waki, Naoya Higashi, Yumi Nakamura, Tetsuya Nagashima, Yoshikazu Ishii, Hirotomo Sai, Akihide Matsumoto, Nobu |
| description | This paper presents a time-to-digital converter/analog-to-digital-converter (TDC/ADC) hybrid LiDAR system-on-chip (SoC) to realize reliable self-driving systems. The smart accumulation technique (SAT) is proposed to achieve both 200-m and high-pixel-resolution range imaging, which was untrodden with conventional LiDARs. The "smart" accumulation is realized by a simple object recognition strategy with small circuit overhead. When compared to conventional accumulations, the LiDAR range is enhanced without degrading the pixel resolution. Moreover, a TDC/ADC hybrid architecture is proposed to achieve a wide-distance-range LiDAR with a small silicon area and short-range precision. To minimize the ADC cost, a residue-quantizing noise-shaping (RQNS) SAR ADC is proposed. The prototype LiDAR SoC is fabricated in the 28-nm CMOS technology and integrated into the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based LiDAR system. LiDAR measured with 240 \times 96 pixels at 10 frames/s achieves a measurement range of 200 m with a 70-klx direct sunlight: the measurement range is 2 \times longer than conventional designs. Furthermore, our LiDAR achieves 4 \times higher effective pixel resolution compared to conventional designs using simple accumulation. A 3-D point-cloud image acquired with a real-life environment is presented. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1109/JSSC.2018.2868315 |
| format | Article |
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The smart accumulation technique (SAT) is proposed to achieve both 200-m and high-pixel-resolution range imaging, which was untrodden with conventional LiDARs. The "smart" accumulation is realized by a simple object recognition strategy with small circuit overhead. When compared to conventional accumulations, the LiDAR range is enhanced without degrading the pixel resolution. Moreover, a TDC/ADC hybrid architecture is proposed to achieve a wide-distance-range LiDAR with a small silicon area and short-range precision. To minimize the ADC cost, a residue-quantizing noise-shaping (RQNS) SAR ADC is proposed. The prototype LiDAR SoC is fabricated in the 28-nm CMOS technology and integrated into the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based LiDAR system. LiDAR measured with 240 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 96 pixels at 10 frames/s achieves a measurement range of 200 m with a 70-klx direct sunlight: the measurement range is 2<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> longer than conventional designs. Furthermore, our LiDAR achieves 4<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> higher effective pixel resolution compared to conventional designs using simple accumulation. A 3-D point-cloud image acquired with a real-life environment is presented.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0018-9200</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-173X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2018.2868315</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IJSCBC</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>IEEE</publisher><subject>Automobiles ; Direct time of flight (DToF) ; Image quality ; Image resolution ; Laser radar ; Lasers ; LiDAR ; Measurement by laser beam ; Photonics ; range measurement ; SAR analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) ; smart accumulation technique (SAT) ; TDC/ADC hybrid ; ToF</subject><ispartof>IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 2018-11, Vol.53 (11), p.3026-3038</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1102-d538b379c0ca372ea2ca4787e5185729ec28de107967c55abac1c3abedf0dea23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1102-d538b379c0ca372ea2ca4787e5185729ec28de107967c55abac1c3abedf0dea23</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5640-2250 ; 0000-0003-0440-1672 ; 0000-0003-1883-513X ; 0000-0003-0367-0467 ; 0000-0002-7703-372X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8470112$$EHTML$$P50$$Gieee$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,797,27929,27930,54763</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8470112$$EView_record_in_IEEE$$FView_record_in_$$GIEEE</linktorsrc></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yoshioka, Kentaro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kubota, Hiroshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fukushima, Tomonori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kondo, Satoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ta, Tuan Thanh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okuni, Hidenori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Kaori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hirono, Masatoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ojima, Yoshinari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kimura, Katsuyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hosoda, Sohichiroh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ota, Yutaka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koizumi, Tomohiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawabe, Naoyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ishii, Yasuhiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iwagami, Yoichiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yagi, Seitaro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fujisawa, Isao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kano, Nobuo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sugimoto, Tomohiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kurose, Daisuke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waki, Naoya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Higashi, Yumi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, Tetsuya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagashima, Yoshikazu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ishii, Hirotomo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sai, Akihide</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matsumoto, Nobu</creatorcontrib><title>A 20-ch TDC/ADC Hybrid Architecture LiDAR SoC for 240 \times 96 Pixel 200-m Range Imaging With Smart Accumulation Technique and Residue Quantizing SAR ADC</title><title>IEEE journal of solid-state circuits</title><addtitle>JSSC</addtitle><description><![CDATA[This paper presents a time-to-digital converter/analog-to-digital-converter (TDC/ADC) hybrid LiDAR system-on-chip (SoC) to realize reliable self-driving systems. The smart accumulation technique (SAT) is proposed to achieve both 200-m and high-pixel-resolution range imaging, which was untrodden with conventional LiDARs. The "smart" accumulation is realized by a simple object recognition strategy with small circuit overhead. When compared to conventional accumulations, the LiDAR range is enhanced without degrading the pixel resolution. Moreover, a TDC/ADC hybrid architecture is proposed to achieve a wide-distance-range LiDAR with a small silicon area and short-range precision. To minimize the ADC cost, a residue-quantizing noise-shaping (RQNS) SAR ADC is proposed. The prototype LiDAR SoC is fabricated in the 28-nm CMOS technology and integrated into the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based LiDAR system. LiDAR measured with 240 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 96 pixels at 10 frames/s achieves a measurement range of 200 m with a 70-klx direct sunlight: the measurement range is 2<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> longer than conventional designs. Furthermore, our LiDAR achieves 4<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> higher effective pixel resolution compared to conventional designs using simple accumulation. A 3-D point-cloud image acquired with a real-life environment is presented.]]></description><subject>Automobiles</subject><subject>Direct time of flight (DToF)</subject><subject>Image quality</subject><subject>Image resolution</subject><subject>Laser radar</subject><subject>Lasers</subject><subject>LiDAR</subject><subject>Measurement by laser beam</subject><subject>Photonics</subject><subject>range measurement</subject><subject>SAR analog-to-digital-converter (ADC)</subject><subject>smart accumulation technique (SAT)</subject><subject>TDC/ADC hybrid</subject><subject>ToF</subject><issn>0018-9200</issn><issn>1558-173X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><recordid>eNo9UMtOwzAQtBBIlMIHIC77A2ltJ6mdY5QCLaoENEVwQIocZ9MYNQnkIVE-ha_FUStOu6udmZ0dQq4ZnTBGg-lDHEcTTpmccDmTLvNPyIj5vnSYcN9OyYjalRNwSs_JRdt-2NHzJBuR3xA4dXQBm3k0DecRLPZpYzIIG12YDnXXNwgrMw_XENcR5HUD3KPw3pkSWwhm8GS-cWc1qFPCWlVbhGWptqbawqvpCohL1XQQat2X_U51pq5gg7qozFePoKoM1tiazPbPvao68zMQY3vMWrkkZ7natXh1rGPycne7iRbO6vF-GYUrR9vPuZP5rkxdEWiqlSs4Kq6VJ6RAn0lf8AA1lxkyKoKZ0L6vUqWZdlWKWU4zi3bHhB10dVO3bYN58tkYa3ufMJoM4SZDuMkQbnIM13JuDhyDiP946QnKGHf_AJo2c4M</recordid><startdate>201811</startdate><enddate>201811</enddate><creator>Yoshioka, Kentaro</creator><creator>Kubota, Hiroshi</creator><creator>Fukushima, Tomonori</creator><creator>Kondo, Satoshi</creator><creator>Ta, Tuan Thanh</creator><creator>Okuni, Hidenori</creator><creator>Watanabe, Kaori</creator><creator>Hirono, Masatoshi</creator><creator>Ojima, Yoshinari</creator><creator>Kimura, Katsuyuki</creator><creator>Hosoda, Sohichiroh</creator><creator>Ota, Yutaka</creator><creator>Koizumi, Tomohiro</creator><creator>Kawabe, Naoyuki</creator><creator>Ishii, Yasuhiro</creator><creator>Iwagami, Yoichiro</creator><creator>Yagi, Seitaro</creator><creator>Fujisawa, Isao</creator><creator>Kano, Nobuo</creator><creator>Sugimoto, Tomohiko</creator><creator>Kurose, Daisuke</creator><creator>Waki, Naoya</creator><creator>Higashi, Yumi</creator><creator>Nakamura, Tetsuya</creator><creator>Nagashima, Yoshikazu</creator><creator>Ishii, Hirotomo</creator><creator>Sai, Akihide</creator><creator>Matsumoto, Nobu</creator><general>IEEE</general><scope>97E</scope><scope>RIA</scope><scope>RIE</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-2250</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-1672</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-513X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-0467</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-372X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201811</creationdate><title>A 20-ch TDC/ADC Hybrid Architecture LiDAR SoC for 240 \times 96 Pixel 200-m Range Imaging With Smart Accumulation Technique and Residue Quantizing SAR ADC</title><author>Yoshioka, Kentaro ; Kubota, Hiroshi ; Fukushima, Tomonori ; Kondo, Satoshi ; Ta, Tuan Thanh ; Okuni, Hidenori ; Watanabe, Kaori ; Hirono, Masatoshi ; Ojima, Yoshinari ; Kimura, Katsuyuki ; Hosoda, Sohichiroh ; Ota, Yutaka ; Koizumi, Tomohiro ; Kawabe, Naoyuki ; Ishii, Yasuhiro ; Iwagami, Yoichiro ; Yagi, Seitaro ; Fujisawa, Isao ; Kano, Nobuo ; Sugimoto, Tomohiko ; Kurose, Daisuke ; Waki, Naoya ; Higashi, Yumi ; Nakamura, Tetsuya ; Nagashima, Yoshikazu ; Ishii, Hirotomo ; Sai, Akihide ; Matsumoto, Nobu</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1102-d538b379c0ca372ea2ca4787e5185729ec28de107967c55abac1c3abedf0dea23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Automobiles</topic><topic>Direct time of flight (DToF)</topic><topic>Image quality</topic><topic>Image resolution</topic><topic>Laser radar</topic><topic>Lasers</topic><topic>LiDAR</topic><topic>Measurement by laser beam</topic><topic>Photonics</topic><topic>range measurement</topic><topic>SAR analog-to-digital-converter (ADC)</topic><topic>smart accumulation technique (SAT)</topic><topic>TDC/ADC hybrid</topic><topic>ToF</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yoshioka, Kentaro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kubota, Hiroshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fukushima, Tomonori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kondo, Satoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ta, Tuan Thanh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okuni, Hidenori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Kaori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hirono, Masatoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ojima, Yoshinari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kimura, Katsuyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hosoda, Sohichiroh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ota, Yutaka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koizumi, Tomohiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawabe, Naoyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ishii, Yasuhiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iwagami, Yoichiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yagi, Seitaro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fujisawa, Isao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kano, Nobuo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sugimoto, Tomohiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kurose, Daisuke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waki, Naoya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Higashi, Yumi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, Tetsuya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagashima, Yoshikazu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ishii, Hirotomo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sai, Akihide</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matsumoto, Nobu</creatorcontrib><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present</collection><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present</collection><collection>IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>IEEE journal of solid-state circuits</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yoshioka, Kentaro</au><au>Kubota, Hiroshi</au><au>Fukushima, Tomonori</au><au>Kondo, Satoshi</au><au>Ta, Tuan Thanh</au><au>Okuni, Hidenori</au><au>Watanabe, Kaori</au><au>Hirono, Masatoshi</au><au>Ojima, Yoshinari</au><au>Kimura, Katsuyuki</au><au>Hosoda, Sohichiroh</au><au>Ota, Yutaka</au><au>Koizumi, Tomohiro</au><au>Kawabe, Naoyuki</au><au>Ishii, Yasuhiro</au><au>Iwagami, Yoichiro</au><au>Yagi, Seitaro</au><au>Fujisawa, Isao</au><au>Kano, Nobuo</au><au>Sugimoto, Tomohiko</au><au>Kurose, Daisuke</au><au>Waki, Naoya</au><au>Higashi, Yumi</au><au>Nakamura, Tetsuya</au><au>Nagashima, Yoshikazu</au><au>Ishii, Hirotomo</au><au>Sai, Akihide</au><au>Matsumoto, Nobu</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A 20-ch TDC/ADC Hybrid Architecture LiDAR SoC for 240 \times 96 Pixel 200-m Range Imaging With Smart Accumulation Technique and Residue Quantizing SAR ADC</atitle><jtitle>IEEE journal of solid-state circuits</jtitle><stitle>JSSC</stitle><date>2018-11</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>53</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>3026</spage><epage>3038</epage><pages>3026-3038</pages><issn>0018-9200</issn><eissn>1558-173X</eissn><coden>IJSCBC</coden><abstract><![CDATA[This paper presents a time-to-digital converter/analog-to-digital-converter (TDC/ADC) hybrid LiDAR system-on-chip (SoC) to realize reliable self-driving systems. The smart accumulation technique (SAT) is proposed to achieve both 200-m and high-pixel-resolution range imaging, which was untrodden with conventional LiDARs. The "smart" accumulation is realized by a simple object recognition strategy with small circuit overhead. When compared to conventional accumulations, the LiDAR range is enhanced without degrading the pixel resolution. Moreover, a TDC/ADC hybrid architecture is proposed to achieve a wide-distance-range LiDAR with a small silicon area and short-range precision. To minimize the ADC cost, a residue-quantizing noise-shaping (RQNS) SAR ADC is proposed. The prototype LiDAR SoC is fabricated in the 28-nm CMOS technology and integrated into the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based LiDAR system. LiDAR measured with 240 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 96 pixels at 10 frames/s achieves a measurement range of 200 m with a 70-klx direct sunlight: the measurement range is 2<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> longer than conventional designs. Furthermore, our LiDAR achieves 4<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> higher effective pixel resolution compared to conventional designs using simple accumulation. A 3-D point-cloud image acquired with a real-life environment is presented.]]></abstract><pub>IEEE</pub><doi>10.1109/JSSC.2018.2868315</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-2250</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-1672</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-513X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-0467</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-372X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0018-9200 |
| ispartof | IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 2018-11, Vol.53 (11), p.3026-3038 |
| issn | 0018-9200 1558-173X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_ieee_primary_8470112 |
| source | IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) |
| subjects | Automobiles Direct time of flight (DToF) Image quality Image resolution Laser radar Lasers LiDAR Measurement by laser beam Photonics range measurement SAR analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) smart accumulation technique (SAT) TDC/ADC hybrid ToF |
| title | A 20-ch TDC/ADC Hybrid Architecture LiDAR SoC for 240 \times 96 Pixel 200-m Range Imaging With Smart Accumulation Technique and Residue Quantizing SAR ADC |
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