Analysis of the Reversal Flow Phenomenon of Supercritical Helium Due to AC Losses in the KSTAR PF Magnets at the Low Current
Superconducting magnets of the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) are cooled by supercritical helium with 4.5 K, which was supplied and recovered by the 9 kW of the Helium Refrigerator System (HRS). While current is being charged, the supercritical helium expands to both side of...
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creator | Lee, H J Park, Y M Chu, Y Oh, D K Song, N H Park, H T Yang, H L Kwon, M |
description | Superconducting magnets of the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) are cooled by supercritical helium with 4.5 K, which was supplied and recovered by the 9 kW of the Helium Refrigerator System (HRS). While current is being charged, the supercritical helium expands to both side of the helium inlet and the outlet of the magnets due to the generated AC losses. To maintain the pressure gradient, both the supply and the return pressures of the HRS are increased at the same time and the differential pressure of the HRS was reduced after the event. However, the pressure rising in the magnets may block the helium flow or create reversal flow of the helium. During unipolar experiment of PF1 magnet up to 2 kA with 1 kA/s of ramp-up rate, the mass flow rate was decreased at the PF1 cooling tube (manifold) in the helium distribution system (HDS), whereas the pressure is increased and the temperature is to be increased or decreased according to compression and expansion of the heated helium in the magnets. For the bipolar experiment of PF1 up to ±2 kA with 1 kA/s ramp-up rate and 2 kA/s ramp-down rate, the conditions in the helium flow were drastically changed, especially the mass flow rate was measured to be maintained at zero for a few second (more than 4 s). This behavior could decisively affect the cryogenic stabilities in the magnet, and may impose a major limit on the long pulse operation of KSTAR. In this paper, we investigated this behavior and analysed by using 1-dimentional thermo-hydraulic code, GANDALF. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1109/TASC.2010.2103546 |
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While current is being charged, the supercritical helium expands to both side of the helium inlet and the outlet of the magnets due to the generated AC losses. To maintain the pressure gradient, both the supply and the return pressures of the HRS are increased at the same time and the differential pressure of the HRS was reduced after the event. However, the pressure rising in the magnets may block the helium flow or create reversal flow of the helium. During unipolar experiment of PF1 magnet up to 2 kA with 1 kA/s of ramp-up rate, the mass flow rate was decreased at the PF1 cooling tube (manifold) in the helium distribution system (HDS), whereas the pressure is increased and the temperature is to be increased or decreased according to compression and expansion of the heated helium in the magnets. For the bipolar experiment of PF1 up to ±2 kA with 1 kA/s ramp-up rate and 2 kA/s ramp-down rate, the conditions in the helium flow were drastically changed, especially the mass flow rate was measured to be maintained at zero for a few second (more than 4 s). This behavior could decisively affect the cryogenic stabilities in the magnet, and may impose a major limit on the long pulse operation of KSTAR. In this paper, we investigated this behavior and analysed by using 1-dimentional thermo-hydraulic code, GANDALF.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1051-8223</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-2515</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2010.2103546</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ITASE9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, NY: IEEE</publisher><subject>Applied sciences ; Boundary conditions ; CICC ; Cooling ; Electric connection. Cables. Wiring ; Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering ; Electrical power engineering ; Electromagnets ; Exact sciences and technology ; Helium ; KSTAR ; Magnetic hysteresis ; Miscellaneous ; Power networks and lines ; reversal flow ; Superconducting magnets ; Temperature measurement ; thermo-hydraulic phenomenon of supercritical helium ; Toroidal magnetic fields ; Various equipment and components</subject><ispartof>IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2011-06, Vol.21 (3), p.2012-2015</ispartof><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Jun 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c322t-170eea69a2ea75bc5be88f7af99cea2fb10f852c3d7bf542f7228c7f54cb3af73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c322t-170eea69a2ea75bc5be88f7af99cea2fb10f852c3d7bf542f7228c7f54cb3af73</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5710672$$EHTML$$P50$$Gieee$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>309,310,314,780,784,789,790,796,23930,23931,25140,27924,27925,54758</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5710672$$EView_record_in_IEEE$$FView_record_in_$$GIEEE</linktorsrc><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24274545$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lee, H J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Y M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chu, Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, D K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, N H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, H T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, H L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwon, M</creatorcontrib><title>Analysis of the Reversal Flow Phenomenon of Supercritical Helium Due to AC Losses in the KSTAR PF Magnets at the Low Current</title><title>IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity</title><addtitle>TASC</addtitle><description>Superconducting magnets of the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) are cooled by supercritical helium with 4.5 K, which was supplied and recovered by the 9 kW of the Helium Refrigerator System (HRS). While current is being charged, the supercritical helium expands to both side of the helium inlet and the outlet of the magnets due to the generated AC losses. To maintain the pressure gradient, both the supply and the return pressures of the HRS are increased at the same time and the differential pressure of the HRS was reduced after the event. However, the pressure rising in the magnets may block the helium flow or create reversal flow of the helium. During unipolar experiment of PF1 magnet up to 2 kA with 1 kA/s of ramp-up rate, the mass flow rate was decreased at the PF1 cooling tube (manifold) in the helium distribution system (HDS), whereas the pressure is increased and the temperature is to be increased or decreased according to compression and expansion of the heated helium in the magnets. For the bipolar experiment of PF1 up to ±2 kA with 1 kA/s ramp-up rate and 2 kA/s ramp-down rate, the conditions in the helium flow were drastically changed, especially the mass flow rate was measured to be maintained at zero for a few second (more than 4 s). This behavior could decisively affect the cryogenic stabilities in the magnet, and may impose a major limit on the long pulse operation of KSTAR. In this paper, we investigated this behavior and analysed by using 1-dimentional thermo-hydraulic code, GANDALF.</description><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Boundary conditions</subject><subject>CICC</subject><subject>Cooling</subject><subject>Electric connection. Cables. Wiring</subject><subject>Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering</subject><subject>Electrical power engineering</subject><subject>Electromagnets</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Helium</subject><subject>KSTAR</subject><subject>Magnetic hysteresis</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Power networks and lines</subject><subject>reversal flow</subject><subject>Superconducting magnets</subject><subject>Temperature measurement</subject><subject>thermo-hydraulic phenomenon of supercritical helium</subject><subject>Toroidal magnetic fields</subject><subject>Various equipment and components</subject><issn>1051-8223</issn><issn>1558-2515</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><recordid>eNo9kFFLwzAQx4soOKcfQHwJgo-dSdos7WOpzokVxzafQxovLtK1M2mVgR_edBt7OO4u979_uF8QXBM8IgSn98tskY8o9i0lOGLx-CQYEMaSkDLCTn2NGQkTSqPz4MK5L4xJnMRsEPxltay2zjjUaNSuAM3hB6yTFZpUzS-araBu1j7qfr7oNmCVNa1RXjCFynRr9NABahuU5ahonAOHTL0zelksszmaTdCr_KyhdUi2u_fC2-adtVC3l8GZlpWDq0MeBu-Tx2U-DYu3p-c8K0IVUdqGhGMAOU4lBclZqVgJSaK51GmqQFJdEqwTRlX0wUvNYqo5pYnivlRlJDWPhsHt3ndjm-8OXCu-ms76w51ICRtzGuNeRPYiZf0dFrTYWLOWdisIFj1j0TMWPWNxYOx37g7G0nkk2spaGXdcpDHlMYuZ193sdQYAjmPGCfafR_-0rYTh</recordid><startdate>20110601</startdate><enddate>20110601</enddate><creator>Lee, H J</creator><creator>Park, Y M</creator><creator>Chu, Y</creator><creator>Oh, D K</creator><creator>Song, N H</creator><creator>Park, H T</creator><creator>Yang, H L</creator><creator>Kwon, M</creator><general>IEEE</general><general>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</general><general>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)</general><scope>97E</scope><scope>RIA</scope><scope>RIE</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>L7M</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110601</creationdate><title>Analysis of the Reversal Flow Phenomenon of Supercritical Helium Due to AC Losses in the KSTAR PF Magnets at the Low Current</title><author>Lee, H J ; Park, Y M ; Chu, Y ; Oh, D K ; Song, N H ; Park, H T ; Yang, H L ; Kwon, M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c322t-170eea69a2ea75bc5be88f7af99cea2fb10f852c3d7bf542f7228c7f54cb3af73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Boundary conditions</topic><topic>CICC</topic><topic>Cooling</topic><topic>Electric connection. Cables. Wiring</topic><topic>Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering</topic><topic>Electrical power engineering</topic><topic>Electromagnets</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Helium</topic><topic>KSTAR</topic><topic>Magnetic hysteresis</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Power networks and lines</topic><topic>reversal flow</topic><topic>Superconducting magnets</topic><topic>Temperature measurement</topic><topic>thermo-hydraulic phenomenon of supercritical helium</topic><topic>Toroidal magnetic fields</topic><topic>Various equipment and components</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lee, H J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Y M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chu, Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, D K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, N H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, H T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, H L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwon, M</creatorcontrib><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present</collection><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present</collection><collection>IEEE Xplore</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lee, H J</au><au>Park, Y M</au><au>Chu, Y</au><au>Oh, D K</au><au>Song, N H</au><au>Park, H T</au><au>Yang, H L</au><au>Kwon, M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Analysis of the Reversal Flow Phenomenon of Supercritical Helium Due to AC Losses in the KSTAR PF Magnets at the Low Current</atitle><jtitle>IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity</jtitle><stitle>TASC</stitle><date>2011-06-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>2012</spage><epage>2015</epage><pages>2012-2015</pages><issn>1051-8223</issn><eissn>1558-2515</eissn><coden>ITASE9</coden><abstract>Superconducting magnets of the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) are cooled by supercritical helium with 4.5 K, which was supplied and recovered by the 9 kW of the Helium Refrigerator System (HRS). While current is being charged, the supercritical helium expands to both side of the helium inlet and the outlet of the magnets due to the generated AC losses. To maintain the pressure gradient, both the supply and the return pressures of the HRS are increased at the same time and the differential pressure of the HRS was reduced after the event. However, the pressure rising in the magnets may block the helium flow or create reversal flow of the helium. During unipolar experiment of PF1 magnet up to 2 kA with 1 kA/s of ramp-up rate, the mass flow rate was decreased at the PF1 cooling tube (manifold) in the helium distribution system (HDS), whereas the pressure is increased and the temperature is to be increased or decreased according to compression and expansion of the heated helium in the magnets. For the bipolar experiment of PF1 up to ±2 kA with 1 kA/s ramp-up rate and 2 kA/s ramp-down rate, the conditions in the helium flow were drastically changed, especially the mass flow rate was measured to be maintained at zero for a few second (more than 4 s). This behavior could decisively affect the cryogenic stabilities in the magnet, and may impose a major limit on the long pulse operation of KSTAR. In this paper, we investigated this behavior and analysed by using 1-dimentional thermo-hydraulic code, GANDALF.</abstract><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>IEEE</pub><doi>10.1109/TASC.2010.2103546</doi><tpages>4</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Applied sciences Boundary conditions CICC Cooling Electric connection. Cables. Wiring Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering Electrical power engineering Electromagnets Exact sciences and technology Helium KSTAR Magnetic hysteresis Miscellaneous Power networks and lines reversal flow Superconducting magnets Temperature measurement thermo-hydraulic phenomenon of supercritical helium Toroidal magnetic fields Various equipment and components |
title | Analysis of the Reversal Flow Phenomenon of Supercritical Helium Due to AC Losses in the KSTAR PF Magnets at the Low Current |
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