Heterogeneity of hepatitis B transmission in Tunisia: Risk factors for infection and chronic carriage before the introduction of a universal vaccine program
Abstract A population-based sero-epidemiological study enrolled 9486 volunteers in two governorates, Béja in the north and Tataouine in the south of Tunisia, in order to assess the magnitude of HBV transmission heterogeneity between the north and the south and within the same governorate, as well as...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Vaccine 2010-04, Vol.28 (19), p.3301-3307 |
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| creator | Ben-Alaya-Bouafif, Nissaf Bahri, Olfa Chlif, Sadok Bettaieb, Jihène Toumi, Amine Bel Haj, Hamida Nabil Zâatour, Amor Gharbi, Adel Dellagi, Koussay Triki, Hinda Ben Salah, Afif |
| description | Abstract A population-based sero-epidemiological study enrolled 9486 volunteers in two governorates, Béja in the north and Tataouine in the south of Tunisia, in order to assess the magnitude of HBV transmission heterogeneity between the north and the south and within the same governorate, as well as the risk factors associated with infection and chronic carriage. Results: The overall prevalence of anti-HBc, HBsAg and chronic carriage was 28.5, 5.3 and 2.9%, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the two governorates according to anti-HBc (32.1% in Béja and 27.8% in Tataouine; p = 0.005) and HBsAg prevalence (4.2% in Béja and 5.6% in Tataouine; p = 0.001). Significant differences were noticed between districts revealing important heterogeneity in HBV transmission within the same governorate (HBsAg ranged from 12 to |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.101 |
| format | Article |
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Results: The overall prevalence of anti-HBc, HBsAg and chronic carriage was 28.5, 5.3 and 2.9%, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the two governorates according to anti-HBc (32.1% in Béja and 27.8% in Tataouine; p = 0.005) and HBsAg prevalence (4.2% in Béja and 5.6% in Tataouine; p = 0.001). Significant differences were noticed between districts revealing important heterogeneity in HBV transmission within the same governorate (HBsAg ranged from 12 to <2% within the same governorate). At the individual level, the presence of a family member infected with HBV, scarification practices, needle practices in the Primary Care Center and gender (male) significantly increased the risk of anti-Hbc, HBsAg positivity and chronic carriage of infection while existence of sanitation in the house was found to be protective. The basic reproductive number and the force of infection confirmed the heterogeneity of transmission. Horizontal transmission within the family explains hyperendemic clusters in Tunisia.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0264-410X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2518</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 0264-410X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.101</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20226251</identifier><identifier>CODEN: VACCDE</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Age ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Allergy and Immunology ; Applied microbiology ; Basic Reproduction Number ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carrier State ; Carrier State - epidemiology ; Carrier State - prevention & control ; Carrier State - transmission ; Carrier State - virology ; Child, Preschool ; Chronic carriage ; Confidence intervals ; Female ; Females ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gender ; HBV infection ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B - epidemiology ; Hepatitis B - prevention & control ; Hepatitis B - transmission ; Hepatitis B - virology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; Hepatitis B Antibodies - blood ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - blood ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Hepatitis B Vaccines - immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; Heterogeneity ; Human viral diseases ; Humans ; Immunology ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious diseases ; Intrafamilial transmission ; Life Sciences ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Microbiology ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Multivariate analysis ; Population ; Risk Factors ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Towns ; Tunisia ; Tunisia - epidemiology ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects) ; Vaccinology ; Viral diseases ; Viral hepatitis ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Vaccine, 2010-04, Vol.28 (19), p.3301-3307</ispartof><rights>Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2010 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Limited Apr 26, 2010</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c547t-8124685f880b6deff928ad5bb66a76a930c3c10887d94fe6415acb6e97f034983</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c547t-8124685f880b6deff928ad5bb66a76a930c3c10887d94fe6415acb6e97f034983</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7920-7490</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1498111817?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,777,781,882,3537,27905,27906,45976,64364,64366,64368,72218</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=22685500$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226251$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://riip.hal.science/pasteur-00612161$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ben-Alaya-Bouafif, Nissaf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bahri, Olfa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chlif, Sadok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bettaieb, Jihène</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Toumi, Amine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bel Haj, Hamida Nabil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zâatour, Amor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gharbi, Adel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dellagi, Koussay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Triki, Hinda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ben Salah, Afif</creatorcontrib><title>Heterogeneity of hepatitis B transmission in Tunisia: Risk factors for infection and chronic carriage before the introduction of a universal vaccine program</title><title>Vaccine</title><addtitle>Vaccine</addtitle><description>Abstract A population-based sero-epidemiological study enrolled 9486 volunteers in two governorates, Béja in the north and Tataouine in the south of Tunisia, in order to assess the magnitude of HBV transmission heterogeneity between the north and the south and within the same governorate, as well as the risk factors associated with infection and chronic carriage. Results: The overall prevalence of anti-HBc, HBsAg and chronic carriage was 28.5, 5.3 and 2.9%, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the two governorates according to anti-HBc (32.1% in Béja and 27.8% in Tataouine; p = 0.005) and HBsAg prevalence (4.2% in Béja and 5.6% in Tataouine; p = 0.001). Significant differences were noticed between districts revealing important heterogeneity in HBV transmission within the same governorate (HBsAg ranged from 12 to <2% within the same governorate). At the individual level, the presence of a family member infected with HBV, scarification practices, needle practices in the Primary Care Center and gender (male) significantly increased the risk of anti-Hbc, HBsAg positivity and chronic carriage of infection while existence of sanitation in the house was found to be protective. The basic reproductive number and the force of infection confirmed the heterogeneity of transmission. Horizontal transmission within the family explains hyperendemic clusters in Tunisia.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Allergy and Immunology</subject><subject>Applied microbiology</subject><subject>Basic Reproduction Number</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carrier State</subject><subject>Carrier State - epidemiology</subject><subject>Carrier State - prevention & control</subject><subject>Carrier State - transmission</subject><subject>Carrier State - virology</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Chronic carriage</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>HBV infection</subject><subject>Hepatitis B</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - prevention & control</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - transmission</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - virology</subject><subject>Hepatitis B Antibodies</subject><subject>Hepatitis B Antibodies - blood</subject><subject>Hepatitis B Surface Antigens</subject><subject>Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - blood</subject><subject>Hepatitis B Vaccines</subject><subject>Hepatitis B Vaccines - immunology</subject><subject>Hepatitis B virus</subject><subject>Heterogeneity</subject><subject>Human viral diseases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Intrafamilial transmission</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Multivariate analysis</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Seroepidemiologic Studies</subject><subject>Towns</subject><subject>Tunisia</subject><subject>Tunisia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects)</subject><subject>Vaccinology</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viral hepatitis</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0264-410X</issn><issn>1873-2518</issn><issn>0264-410X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkt-K1DAUxoso7rj6CEpAxKuO-dOmrRfKuqgjDAi6gnfhND3ZyWynGZN0YN7FhzWl4y7szV4FTn758p1zvix7yeiSUSbfbZcH0NoOuOQ01Sifyo-yBasrkfOS1Y-zBeWyyAtGf59lz0LYUkpLwZqn2RmnnMsELbK_K4zo3TUOaOOROEM2uIdoow3kE4kehrCzIVg3EDuQq3GwwcJ78sOGG2JAR-cDMc6nS4M6ThgMHdEb7wariQbvLVwjaTFBSOIGExm968YZTv8BSaIH9AF6cmqJ7JMjD7vn2RMDfcAXp_M8-_Xl89XlKl9___rt8mKd67KoYl4zXsi6NHVNW9mhMQ2voSvbVkqoJDSCaqEZreuqawqDsmAl6FZiUxkqiqYW51k-626gV3tvd-CPyoFVq4u12kOIOHpFqWScSXZgiX8788nnnxFDVGlGGvseBnRjUFVRNqLgtHmYFEJUTFSTh9f3yK0b_ZDaVix5ZIzVrEpUOVPauxA8mlu7jKopF2qrTkNUUy4U5VM5vXt1Uh_bHXa3r_4HIQFvTgAEDb1Ji9c23HE8DbikNHEfZw7TPg4WvQra4qCxsz4FQHXOPmjlwz0F3dsUFuhv8IjhrmsVuKLq5xTiKcMsxZc3VSn-AVhN7q4</recordid><startdate>20100426</startdate><enddate>20100426</enddate><creator>Ben-Alaya-Bouafif, Nissaf</creator><creator>Bahri, Olfa</creator><creator>Chlif, Sadok</creator><creator>Bettaieb, Jihène</creator><creator>Toumi, Amine</creator><creator>Bel Haj, Hamida Nabil</creator><creator>Zâatour, Amor</creator><creator>Gharbi, Adel</creator><creator>Dellagi, Koussay</creator><creator>Triki, Hinda</creator><creator>Ben Salah, Afif</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88C</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-7490</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20100426</creationdate><title>Heterogeneity of hepatitis B transmission in Tunisia: Risk factors for infection and chronic carriage before the introduction of a universal vaccine program</title><author>Ben-Alaya-Bouafif, Nissaf ; Bahri, Olfa ; Chlif, Sadok ; Bettaieb, Jihène ; Toumi, Amine ; Bel Haj, Hamida Nabil ; Zâatour, Amor ; Gharbi, Adel ; Dellagi, Koussay ; Triki, Hinda ; Ben Salah, Afif</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c547t-8124685f880b6deff928ad5bb66a76a930c3c10887d94fe6415acb6e97f034983</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Allergy and Immunology</topic><topic>Applied microbiology</topic><topic>Basic Reproduction Number</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Carrier State</topic><topic>Carrier State - epidemiology</topic><topic>Carrier State - prevention & control</topic><topic>Carrier State - transmission</topic><topic>Carrier State - virology</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Chronic carriage</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gender</topic><topic>HBV infection</topic><topic>Hepatitis B</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - epidemiology</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - prevention & control</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - transmission</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - virology</topic><topic>Hepatitis B Antibodies</topic><topic>Hepatitis B Antibodies - blood</topic><topic>Hepatitis B Surface Antigens</topic><topic>Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - blood</topic><topic>Hepatitis B Vaccines</topic><topic>Hepatitis B Vaccines - immunology</topic><topic>Hepatitis B virus</topic><topic>Heterogeneity</topic><topic>Human viral diseases</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Intrafamilial transmission</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Multivariate analysis</topic><topic>Population</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Seroepidemiologic Studies</topic><topic>Towns</topic><topic>Tunisia</topic><topic>Tunisia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><topic>Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects)</topic><topic>Vaccinology</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Viral hepatitis</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ben-Alaya-Bouafif, Nissaf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bahri, Olfa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chlif, Sadok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bettaieb, Jihène</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Toumi, Amine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bel Haj, Hamida Nabil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zâatour, Amor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gharbi, Adel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dellagi, Koussay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Triki, Hinda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ben Salah, Afif</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Vaccine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ben-Alaya-Bouafif, Nissaf</au><au>Bahri, Olfa</au><au>Chlif, Sadok</au><au>Bettaieb, Jihène</au><au>Toumi, Amine</au><au>Bel Haj, Hamida Nabil</au><au>Zâatour, Amor</au><au>Gharbi, Adel</au><au>Dellagi, Koussay</au><au>Triki, Hinda</au><au>Ben Salah, Afif</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Heterogeneity of hepatitis B transmission in Tunisia: Risk factors for infection and chronic carriage before the introduction of a universal vaccine program</atitle><jtitle>Vaccine</jtitle><addtitle>Vaccine</addtitle><date>2010-04-26</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>19</issue><spage>3301</spage><epage>3307</epage><pages>3301-3307</pages><issn>0264-410X</issn><eissn>1873-2518</eissn><eissn>0264-410X</eissn><coden>VACCDE</coden><abstract>Abstract A population-based sero-epidemiological study enrolled 9486 volunteers in two governorates, Béja in the north and Tataouine in the south of Tunisia, in order to assess the magnitude of HBV transmission heterogeneity between the north and the south and within the same governorate, as well as the risk factors associated with infection and chronic carriage. Results: The overall prevalence of anti-HBc, HBsAg and chronic carriage was 28.5, 5.3 and 2.9%, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the two governorates according to anti-HBc (32.1% in Béja and 27.8% in Tataouine; p = 0.005) and HBsAg prevalence (4.2% in Béja and 5.6% in Tataouine; p = 0.001). Significant differences were noticed between districts revealing important heterogeneity in HBV transmission within the same governorate (HBsAg ranged from 12 to <2% within the same governorate). At the individual level, the presence of a family member infected with HBV, scarification practices, needle practices in the Primary Care Center and gender (male) significantly increased the risk of anti-Hbc, HBsAg positivity and chronic carriage of infection while existence of sanitation in the house was found to be protective. The basic reproductive number and the force of infection confirmed the heterogeneity of transmission. Horizontal transmission within the family explains hyperendemic clusters in Tunisia.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>20226251</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.101</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-7490</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0264-410X |
| ispartof | Vaccine, 2010-04, Vol.28 (19), p.3301-3307 |
| issn | 0264-410X 1873-2518 0264-410X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_pasteur_00612161v1 |
| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals; ProQuest Central UK/Ireland |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Age Aged Aged, 80 and over Allergy and Immunology Applied microbiology Basic Reproduction Number Biological and medical sciences Carrier State Carrier State - epidemiology Carrier State - prevention & control Carrier State - transmission Carrier State - virology Child, Preschool Chronic carriage Confidence intervals Female Females Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gender HBV infection Hepatitis B Hepatitis B - epidemiology Hepatitis B - prevention & control Hepatitis B - transmission Hepatitis B - virology Hepatitis B Antibodies Hepatitis B Antibodies - blood Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - blood Hepatitis B Vaccines Hepatitis B Vaccines - immunology Hepatitis B virus Heterogeneity Human viral diseases Humans Immunology Infant Infant, Newborn Infectious diseases Intrafamilial transmission Life Sciences Male Medical sciences Microbiology Middle Aged Mortality Multivariate analysis Population Risk Factors Seroepidemiologic Studies Towns Tunisia Tunisia - epidemiology Vaccines Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects) Vaccinology Viral diseases Viral hepatitis Young Adult |
| title | Heterogeneity of hepatitis B transmission in Tunisia: Risk factors for infection and chronic carriage before the introduction of a universal vaccine program |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-18T05%3A12%3A34IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_hal_p&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heterogeneity%20of%20hepatitis%20B%20transmission%20in%20Tunisia:%20Risk%20factors%20for%20infection%20and%20chronic%20carriage%20before%20the%20introduction%20of%20a%20universal%20vaccine%20program&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.au=Ben-Alaya-Bouafif,%20Nissaf&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=19&rft.spage=3301&rft.epage=3307&rft.pages=3301-3307&rft.issn=0264-410X&rft.eissn=1873-2518&rft.coden=VACCDE&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.101&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_hal_p%3E3218576161%3C/proquest_hal_p%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1498111817&rft_id=info:pmid/20226251&rft_els_id=1_s2_0_S0264410X10002975&rfr_iscdi=true |