Mercury's Exosphere as Seen by BepiColombo/PHEBUS Visible Channels During the First Two Flybys
BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission performed its first flyby of Mercury on 1 October 2021 and its second on 23 June 2022. PHEBUS observed the exosphere of Mercury during these flybys notably with its visible channels c404 (centered on the potassium emission line at 404 nm) and c422 (centered on...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of geophysical research. Planets 2023-12, Vol.128 (12), p.n/a |
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| creator | Robidel, R. Quémerais, E. Chaufray, J. Y. Koutroumpa, D. Leblanc, F. Reberac, A. Yoshikawa, I. Yoshioka, K. Murakami, G. Korablev, O. Belyaev, D. Pelizzo, M. G. Corso, A. J. |
| description | BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission performed its first flyby of Mercury on 1 October 2021 and its second on 23 June 2022. PHEBUS observed the exosphere of Mercury during these flybys notably with its visible channels c404 (centered on the potassium emission line at 404 nm) and c422 (centered on the calcium emission line at 422 nm). The c422 signal shows not only an enhancement of calcium (Ca) near the dawn region but also a very extensive Ca exosphere on the morning side beyond 10,000 km. The e‐folding distance deduced from our Ca profiles (2,500–2,800 km) is in agreement with the value reported by MESSENGER at similar true anomaly angles. We use a Chamberlain model to determine the temperature and density at the exobase. Using the morning side low‐altitude data, we derived a high temperature at the exobase (>50,000 K), in agreement with the MESSENGER results. We also report a day/night asymmetry in the Ca exosphere that could indicate that the source of Ca is predominantly on the dayside or be the consequence of a shift of the main source of Ca away from the dawn region. The c404 channel detected additional species at low altitudes on the morning side during both flybys. Comparison with previous studies is inconclusive and further analysis will be necessary to identify the species. Nevertheless, we can note that the e‐folding distance deduced from our profile is relatively small (135 km) and that the Chamberlain model applied to our profiles seems to indicate a temperature at the exobase |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2023JE007808 |
| format | Article |
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Plain Language Summary
BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission on its way to Mercury, has already flown over the planet twice in October 2021 and June 2022. PHEBUS (Probing of Hermean Exosphere By Ultraviolet Spectroscopy), the UV spectrometer onboard the spacecraft, observed Mercury's exosphere during the flybys at the closest parts of approach to the planet with its two visible channels notably. Mercury is surrounded by a tenuous collisionless atmosphere (exosphere) that contains a variety of species. We report the detection of exospheric calcium with an enhancement near the dawn region. We show that the calcium exosphere is much extended on the morning side, beyond 10,000 km. The observations also reveal a day/night asymmetry of the calcium exosphere. Furthermore, we report the detection of additional species. However, the flyby data alone do not allow us to formally identify the species.
Key Points
PHEBUS observed Mercury's extended exosphere of calcium on the morning side beyond ∼10,000 km
The observed calcium profiles may be explained by the 2D effects of altitude and local time
Additional species were detected, potentially manganese and potassium</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9097</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9100</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2023JE007808</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Asymmetry ; Bepi Colombo (ESA) ; Bepicolombo ; Calcium ; Channels ; Emission lines ; Emissions ; Exosphere ; Flyby missions ; Folding ; High temperature ; Low altitude ; Mercury ; Mercury (planet) ; MESSENGER Mission ; Night ; Potassium ; Sciences of the Universe ; Space missions ; Spacecraft ; Spectroscopy ; Ultraviolet spectroscopy ; visible</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Planets, 2023-12, Vol.128 (12), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2023 The Authors.</rights><rights>2023. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3378-f77aa96daf0b8deeccf043fc16c5eea764e07b0c0e4d08087b484cb9d8264ce83</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5451-9367 ; 0000-0003-1115-0656 ; 0000-0002-5544-8940 ; 0000-0002-2759-7682 ; 0000-0001-5376-2242 ; 0000-0002-5548-3519 ; 0000-0003-1123-5983 ; 0000-0002-5716-3412 ; 0000-0003-1931-124X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2023JE007808$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2023JE007808$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://insu.hal.science/insu-04364918$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Robidel, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quémerais, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaufray, J. Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koutroumpa, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leblanc, F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reberac, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoshikawa, I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoshioka, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murakami, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Korablev, O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belyaev, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pelizzo, M. G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corso, A. J.</creatorcontrib><title>Mercury's Exosphere as Seen by BepiColombo/PHEBUS Visible Channels During the First Two Flybys</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</title><description>BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission performed its first flyby of Mercury on 1 October 2021 and its second on 23 June 2022. PHEBUS observed the exosphere of Mercury during these flybys notably with its visible channels c404 (centered on the potassium emission line at 404 nm) and c422 (centered on the calcium emission line at 422 nm). The c422 signal shows not only an enhancement of calcium (Ca) near the dawn region but also a very extensive Ca exosphere on the morning side beyond 10,000 km. The e‐folding distance deduced from our Ca profiles (2,500–2,800 km) is in agreement with the value reported by MESSENGER at similar true anomaly angles. We use a Chamberlain model to determine the temperature and density at the exobase. Using the morning side low‐altitude data, we derived a high temperature at the exobase (>50,000 K), in agreement with the MESSENGER results. We also report a day/night asymmetry in the Ca exosphere that could indicate that the source of Ca is predominantly on the dayside or be the consequence of a shift of the main source of Ca away from the dawn region. The c404 channel detected additional species at low altitudes on the morning side during both flybys. Comparison with previous studies is inconclusive and further analysis will be necessary to identify the species. Nevertheless, we can note that the e‐folding distance deduced from our profile is relatively small (135 km) and that the Chamberlain model applied to our profiles seems to indicate a temperature at the exobase <3,000 K.
Plain Language Summary
BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission on its way to Mercury, has already flown over the planet twice in October 2021 and June 2022. PHEBUS (Probing of Hermean Exosphere By Ultraviolet Spectroscopy), the UV spectrometer onboard the spacecraft, observed Mercury's exosphere during the flybys at the closest parts of approach to the planet with its two visible channels notably. Mercury is surrounded by a tenuous collisionless atmosphere (exosphere) that contains a variety of species. We report the detection of exospheric calcium with an enhancement near the dawn region. We show that the calcium exosphere is much extended on the morning side, beyond 10,000 km. The observations also reveal a day/night asymmetry of the calcium exosphere. Furthermore, we report the detection of additional species. However, the flyby data alone do not allow us to formally identify the species.
Key Points
PHEBUS observed Mercury's extended exosphere of calcium on the morning side beyond ∼10,000 km
The observed calcium profiles may be explained by the 2D effects of altitude and local time
Additional species were detected, potentially manganese and potassium</description><subject>Asymmetry</subject><subject>Bepi Colombo (ESA)</subject><subject>Bepicolombo</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Channels</subject><subject>Emission lines</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Exosphere</subject><subject>Flyby missions</subject><subject>Folding</subject><subject>High temperature</subject><subject>Low altitude</subject><subject>Mercury</subject><subject>Mercury (planet)</subject><subject>MESSENGER Mission</subject><subject>Night</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Sciences of the Universe</subject><subject>Space missions</subject><subject>Spacecraft</subject><subject>Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Ultraviolet spectroscopy</subject><subject>visible</subject><issn>2169-9097</issn><issn>2169-9100</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1Lw0AQhoMoWGpv_oAFD4JYnd2NyeZoY9paKopfR5fNdmK2xGzdbdT8eyNV8eRcZhgeHmbeINincEKBJacMGJ9lALEAsRX0GI2SYUIBtn9mSOLdYOD9EroS3YryXvB0hU43rj30JPuwflWiQ6I8uUOsSd6SEa5Maiv7ktvTm2k2ergjj8abvEKSlqqusfLkonGmfibrEsnYOL8m9--WjKs2b_1esFOoyuPgu_eDh3F2n06H8-vJZXo-H2rOYzEs4lipJFqoAnKxQNS6gJAXmkb6DFHFUYgQ56ABwwV0_8V5KEKdJwvBolCj4P3gaOMtVSVXzrwo10qrjJyez6WpfSM7XxQmVLzRDj7YwCtnXxv0a7m0jau7-yRLIGKci7Owo443lHbWe4fFr5eC_Epc_k28w_kGfzcVtv-ycja5zRjjkeCfkemATA</recordid><startdate>202312</startdate><enddate>202312</enddate><creator>Robidel, R.</creator><creator>Quémerais, E.</creator><creator>Chaufray, J. Y.</creator><creator>Koutroumpa, D.</creator><creator>Leblanc, F.</creator><creator>Reberac, A.</creator><creator>Yoshikawa, I.</creator><creator>Yoshioka, K.</creator><creator>Murakami, G.</creator><creator>Korablev, O.</creator><creator>Belyaev, D.</creator><creator>Pelizzo, M. G.</creator><creator>Corso, A. J.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-9367</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-0656</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5544-8940</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-7682</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5376-2242</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-3519</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1123-5983</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5716-3412</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1931-124X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202312</creationdate><title>Mercury's Exosphere as Seen by BepiColombo/PHEBUS Visible Channels During the First Two Flybys</title><author>Robidel, R. ; Quémerais, E. ; Chaufray, J. Y. ; Koutroumpa, D. ; Leblanc, F. ; Reberac, A. ; Yoshikawa, I. ; Yoshioka, K. ; Murakami, G. ; Korablev, O. ; Belyaev, D. ; Pelizzo, M. G. ; Corso, A. 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Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koutroumpa, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leblanc, F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reberac, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoshikawa, I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoshioka, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murakami, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Korablev, O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belyaev, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pelizzo, M. G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corso, A. J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library (Open Access Collection)</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library Free Content</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Robidel, R.</au><au>Quémerais, E.</au><au>Chaufray, J. Y.</au><au>Koutroumpa, D.</au><au>Leblanc, F.</au><au>Reberac, A.</au><au>Yoshikawa, I.</au><au>Yoshioka, K.</au><au>Murakami, G.</au><au>Korablev, O.</au><au>Belyaev, D.</au><au>Pelizzo, M. G.</au><au>Corso, A. J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mercury's Exosphere as Seen by BepiColombo/PHEBUS Visible Channels During the First Two Flybys</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</jtitle><date>2023-12</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>128</volume><issue>12</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-9097</issn><eissn>2169-9100</eissn><abstract>BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission performed its first flyby of Mercury on 1 October 2021 and its second on 23 June 2022. PHEBUS observed the exosphere of Mercury during these flybys notably with its visible channels c404 (centered on the potassium emission line at 404 nm) and c422 (centered on the calcium emission line at 422 nm). The c422 signal shows not only an enhancement of calcium (Ca) near the dawn region but also a very extensive Ca exosphere on the morning side beyond 10,000 km. The e‐folding distance deduced from our Ca profiles (2,500–2,800 km) is in agreement with the value reported by MESSENGER at similar true anomaly angles. We use a Chamberlain model to determine the temperature and density at the exobase. Using the morning side low‐altitude data, we derived a high temperature at the exobase (>50,000 K), in agreement with the MESSENGER results. We also report a day/night asymmetry in the Ca exosphere that could indicate that the source of Ca is predominantly on the dayside or be the consequence of a shift of the main source of Ca away from the dawn region. The c404 channel detected additional species at low altitudes on the morning side during both flybys. Comparison with previous studies is inconclusive and further analysis will be necessary to identify the species. Nevertheless, we can note that the e‐folding distance deduced from our profile is relatively small (135 km) and that the Chamberlain model applied to our profiles seems to indicate a temperature at the exobase <3,000 K.
Plain Language Summary
BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission on its way to Mercury, has already flown over the planet twice in October 2021 and June 2022. PHEBUS (Probing of Hermean Exosphere By Ultraviolet Spectroscopy), the UV spectrometer onboard the spacecraft, observed Mercury's exosphere during the flybys at the closest parts of approach to the planet with its two visible channels notably. Mercury is surrounded by a tenuous collisionless atmosphere (exosphere) that contains a variety of species. We report the detection of exospheric calcium with an enhancement near the dawn region. We show that the calcium exosphere is much extended on the morning side, beyond 10,000 km. The observations also reveal a day/night asymmetry of the calcium exosphere. Furthermore, we report the detection of additional species. However, the flyby data alone do not allow us to formally identify the species.
Key Points
PHEBUS observed Mercury's extended exosphere of calcium on the morning side beyond ∼10,000 km
The observed calcium profiles may be explained by the 2D effects of altitude and local time
Additional species were detected, potentially manganese and potassium</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2023JE007808</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-9367</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-0656</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5544-8940</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-7682</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5376-2242</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-3519</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1123-5983</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5716-3412</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1931-124X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 2169-9097 2169-9100 |
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| source | Access via Wiley Online Library; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Asymmetry Bepi Colombo (ESA) Bepicolombo Calcium Channels Emission lines Emissions Exosphere Flyby missions Folding High temperature Low altitude Mercury Mercury (planet) MESSENGER Mission Night Potassium Sciences of the Universe Space missions Spacecraft Spectroscopy Ultraviolet spectroscopy visible |
| title | Mercury's Exosphere as Seen by BepiColombo/PHEBUS Visible Channels During the First Two Flybys |
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