Identifying Second-Gradient Continuum Models in Particle-Based Materials with Pairwise Interactions Using Acoustic Tensor Methodology

This paper discusses wave propagation in unbounded particle-based materials described by a second-gradient continuum model, recently introduced by the authors, to provide an identification technique. The term particle-based materials denotes materials modeled as assemblies of particles, disregarding typical granular material properties such as contact topology, granulometry, grain sizes, and shapes. This work introduces a center-symmetric second-gradient continuum resulting from pairwise interactions. The corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations (equilibrium equations) are derived using the least action principle. This approach unveils non-classical interactions within subdomains. A novel, symmetric, and positive-definite acoustic tensor is constructed, allowing for an exploration of wave propagation through perturbation techniques. The properties of this acoustic tensor enable the extension of an identification procedure from Cauchy (classical) elasticity to the proposed second-gradient continuum model. Potential applications concern polymers, composite materials, and liquid crystals.