Experimental study of water-extractable sulphate in Opalinus Clay and implications for deriving porewater concentrations

In northern Switzerland, the Opalinus Clay, a Jurassic claystone formation, is foreseen as host rock for a deep geological repository for radioactive waste. Characterizing its porewater is of particular importance for assessing the mobility of radionuclides and the stability of the engineered barriers. Although the porewater composition of the Opalinus Clay is fairly well known, there is still controversy on the sources of sulphate obtained by different porewater characterization methods. A striking observation is that sulphate concentrations from aqueous extraction and recalculated to in-situ conditions are consistently much higher than sulphate concentrations measured in borehole waters, squeezed waters and advectively displaced waters (“excess sulphate”). Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to better investigate the processes affecting dissolved sulphate concentrations during aqueous extraction and, thus, to reduce uncertainties in predicting the concentrations of this compound in the Opalinus Clay porewater. To this end, a series of extraction experiments were conducted using variable solid/liquid ratios, extraction times and extract solutions. In order to suppress sulphide-mineral oxidation, all the experiments were performed in a glovebox under oxygen-free conditions (atmosphere and solutions). Measurements of the sulphur and oxygen isotope composition of the dissolved sulphate in aqueous extracts are aimed to further constrain the source of the “excess sulphate”. Finally, the plausibility of the SO4 data from extraction experiments in terms of their representativeness for in-situ conditions was evaluated by simple geochemical modelling. The modelling shows that SO4 concentrations from aqueous extracts recalculated to in-situ conditions imply dissolved and exchangeable cation concentrations which are not consistent with measured data, thus, attesting non-conservative behaviour for sulphate during aqueous extraction. However, the various extraction experiments showed that pyrite oxidation was successfully suppressed during the experiments and neither contributions from e.g. organic material, congruent calcite dissolution and/or sulphate mineral dissolution provide enough SO4 to explain the “excess sulphate”. Ultimately, the various extraction experiments failed to definitely identify the source of the “excess sulphate” in aqueous extracts. However, the good agreement found between the δ18O and δ34S values of dissolved SO4 in aqueous extra