An Estimation of Local Residual Stresses in Amorphous and Crystallized Trivalent Chromium Coatings
Hard chromium coatings have demonstrated their performance for several decades, particularly for their wear and corrosion resistance properties. However, the traditional process using chromium trioxide (CrO3) is very toxic and is intended to disappear in the European Union by 2024, thanks to the REA...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Coatings (Basel) 2023-01, Vol.13 (1), p.124 |
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| creator | Guillon, Robin Stéphan, Cédric Balcaen, Yannick Josse, Claudie Fori, Benoit Dalverny, Olivier Alexis, Joel |
| description | Hard chromium coatings have demonstrated their performance for several decades, particularly for their wear and corrosion resistance properties. However, the traditional process using chromium trioxide (CrO3) is very toxic and is intended to disappear in the European Union by 2024, thanks to the REACH regulation. This study aimed to determine the residual stress of amorphous chromium deposits elaborated from baths containing trivalent chromium ions. However, the amorphous structure of these deposits does not allow the determination of residual stresses by conventional means. In this study, we propose adapting a recent method called “FIB-DIC”, which is not limited by the material’s crystalline structure compared to the classical X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The method is based on the measurement of relaxation-induced displacement fields following the ablation of material on a very local scale. The results obtained by the classical (XRD) and the FIB-DIC method on crystallized heat-treated Cr(III) deposits are 296 ± 45 and 377 ± 275 MPa. Then, the FIB-DIC technique allowed us to evaluate a residual stress level of 479 ± 359 MPa for amorphous trivalent chromium coating, which has never been performed before. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/coatings13010124 |
| format | Article |
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However, the traditional process using chromium trioxide (CrO3) is very toxic and is intended to disappear in the European Union by 2024, thanks to the REACH regulation. This study aimed to determine the residual stress of amorphous chromium deposits elaborated from baths containing trivalent chromium ions. However, the amorphous structure of these deposits does not allow the determination of residual stresses by conventional means. In this study, we propose adapting a recent method called “FIB-DIC”, which is not limited by the material’s crystalline structure compared to the classical X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The method is based on the measurement of relaxation-induced displacement fields following the ablation of material on a very local scale. The results obtained by the classical (XRD) and the FIB-DIC method on crystallized heat-treated Cr(III) deposits are 296 ± 45 and 377 ± 275 MPa. Then, the FIB-DIC technique allowed us to evaluate a residual stress level of 479 ± 359 MPa for amorphous trivalent chromium coating, which has never been performed before.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2079-6412</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2079-6412</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/coatings13010124</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Carbon ; Chromium ; Chromium oxides ; Coatings ; Corrosion resistance ; Corrosive wear ; Crystallization ; Deposits ; Electrolytes ; Engineering Sciences ; Heat ; Heat treatment ; Methods ; Residual stress ; Thin films ; Trivalent chromium ; Wear resistance ; X-ray diffraction</subject><ispartof>Coatings (Basel), 2023-01, Vol.13 (1), p.124</ispartof><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Then, the FIB-DIC technique allowed us to evaluate a residual stress level of 479 ± 359 MPa for amorphous trivalent chromium coating, which has never been performed before.</description><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Chromium oxides</subject><subject>Coatings</subject><subject>Corrosion resistance</subject><subject>Corrosive wear</subject><subject>Crystallization</subject><subject>Deposits</subject><subject>Electrolytes</subject><subject>Engineering Sciences</subject><subject>Heat</subject><subject>Heat treatment</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Residual stress</subject><subject>Thin films</subject><subject>Trivalent chromium</subject><subject>Wear resistance</subject><subject>X-ray diffraction</subject><issn>2079-6412</issn><issn>2079-6412</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkMFLwzAUxoMoOObuHgOePEzzkrZJjqVMJxQEneeQtYnLaJuZtIP519uxIeK7vI_Hj4_vfQjdAnlgTJLHyuvedZ8RGAECNLlAE0q4nGcJ0Ms_-hrNYtyScSQwAXKC1nmHF7F37WjgO-wtLn2lG_xmoquHUbz3wcRoInYdzlsfdhs_RKy7GhfhEHvdNO7b1HgV3F43putxsQm-dUOLi3OoG3RldRPN7Lyn6ONpsSqW8_L1-aXIy3nFEt7PrciA8wRqZigXVlZJqoUWxHABa1MTyyuewtrSxGRSg2YpBWtFytIUpGCETdH9yXejG7UL40vhoLx2apmX6ngjCQMuU7KHkb07sbvgvwYTe7X1Q-jGeIryjFOSEsZHipyoKvgYg7G_tkDUsXj1v3j2A5mpdu8</recordid><startdate>20230101</startdate><enddate>20230101</enddate><creator>Guillon, Robin</creator><creator>Stéphan, Cédric</creator><creator>Balcaen, Yannick</creator><creator>Josse, Claudie</creator><creator>Fori, Benoit</creator><creator>Dalverny, Olivier</creator><creator>Alexis, Joel</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-9619</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6769-6124</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9386-681X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-5927</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230101</creationdate><title>An Estimation of Local Residual Stresses in Amorphous and Crystallized Trivalent Chromium Coatings</title><author>Guillon, Robin ; 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| subjects | Carbon Chromium Chromium oxides Coatings Corrosion resistance Corrosive wear Crystallization Deposits Electrolytes Engineering Sciences Heat Heat treatment Methods Residual stress Thin films Trivalent chromium Wear resistance X-ray diffraction |
| title | An Estimation of Local Residual Stresses in Amorphous and Crystallized Trivalent Chromium Coatings |
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