The threshold for immune cell reactivity to milk antigens decreases in cow’s milk allergy with intestinal symptoms

Background: In cow’s milk allergy (CMA) with intestinal symptoms, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) secrete tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), altering intestinal function. However, the type of cow’s milk protein (CMP) that triggers symptoms (intact or intestinally processed) is not known, an...

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