Effect of Exercise on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Astronauts Onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for Interplanetary Travel
Objective Body mass (BM) loss and body composition (BC) changes threaten astronauts’ health and mission success. However, the energetic contribution of the exercise countermeasure to these changes has never been investigated during long-term missions. We studied energy balance and BC in astronauts d...
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| creator | Bourdier, Pierre Zahariev, Alexandre Schoeller, Dale A. Chery, Isabelle Le Roux, Elisa Thevenot, Cécile Maillet, Alain Garnotel, Maël Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette Bergouignan, Audrey Blanc, Stéphane Simon, Chantal |
| description | Objective
Body mass (BM) loss and body composition (BC) changes threaten astronauts’ health and mission success. However, the energetic contribution of the exercise countermeasure to these changes has never been investigated during long-term missions. We studied energy balance and BC in astronauts during 6-month missions onboard the International Space Station.
Methods
Before and after at least 3 months in space, BM, BC, total and activity energy expenditure (TEE and AEE) were measured using the doubly labeled water method in 11 astronauts (2011–2017). Physical activity (PA) was assessed by the SensewearPro® activity-device.
Results
Three-month spaceflight decreased BM (− 1.20 kg [SE 0.5];
P
= 0.04), mainly due to non-significant fat-free mass loss (FFM; − 0.94 kg [0.59]). The decrease in walking time (− 63.2 min/day [11.5];
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40279-022-01728-6 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_hal_p</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_03727261v1</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2689055606</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-3f82f83bfeb66b5bc9c57aa533f3d9214c3de9005ffb77e7a23609d6e8a814373</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc1u1DAUhS0EotOfF2BliQ0sQv2T2A676WhKK43URcvacpLrNlXGDrZTMQ_Du-JMEEgsurLu0XePj30Q-kDJF0qIvIwlYbIuCGMFoZKpQrxBK0qzxAiv3qIVoZQVVJTsBJ3G-EwIqVTJ3qMTXilW13W1Qr-21kKbsLd4-xNC20fA3uGtg_B4yNIIruvTFAAb1-Er3x3wxu9HH_vUZ653eB1T8M5MKeI713gTOpyeAN-6BMGZmTIDvh9NC_g-Heev2cLFvoNwHCO2Piz8OBgHyYQDfgjmBYZz9M6aIcLFn_MMfb_ePmxuit3dt9vNele0JSep4FYxq3hjoRGiqZq2bitpTMW55V3NaNnyDur8emsbKUEaxgWpOwHKKFpyyc_Q58X3yQx6DP0-R9De9PpmvdOzRrhkkgn6QjP7aWHH4H9MEJPe97GFYY7up6iZUDWpKkFERj_-hz77KX_KkClZZkhJNV_OFqoNPsYA9m8CSvRctF6K1rlofSxaz9Z8WYoZdo8Q_lm_svUbHtarOQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2740558787</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Effect of Exercise on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Astronauts Onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for Interplanetary Travel</title><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Bourdier, Pierre ; Zahariev, Alexandre ; Schoeller, Dale A. ; Chery, Isabelle ; Le Roux, Elisa ; Thevenot, Cécile ; Maillet, Alain ; Garnotel, Maël ; Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette ; Bergouignan, Audrey ; Blanc, Stéphane ; Simon, Chantal</creator><creatorcontrib>Bourdier, Pierre ; Zahariev, Alexandre ; Schoeller, Dale A. ; Chery, Isabelle ; Le Roux, Elisa ; Thevenot, Cécile ; Maillet, Alain ; Garnotel, Maël ; Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette ; Bergouignan, Audrey ; Blanc, Stéphane ; Simon, Chantal</creatorcontrib><description>Objective
Body mass (BM) loss and body composition (BC) changes threaten astronauts’ health and mission success. However, the energetic contribution of the exercise countermeasure to these changes has never been investigated during long-term missions. We studied energy balance and BC in astronauts during 6-month missions onboard the International Space Station.
Methods
Before and after at least 3 months in space, BM, BC, total and activity energy expenditure (TEE and AEE) were measured using the doubly labeled water method in 11 astronauts (2011–2017). Physical activity (PA) was assessed by the SensewearPro® activity-device.
Results
Three-month spaceflight decreased BM (− 1.20 kg [SE 0.5];
P
= 0.04), mainly due to non-significant fat-free mass loss (FFM; − 0.94 kg [0.59]). The decrease in walking time (− 63.2 min/day [11.5];
P
< 0.001) from preflight was compensated by increases in non-ambulatory activities (+ 64.8 min/day [18.8];
P
< 0.01). Average TEE was unaffected but a large interindividual variability was noted. Astronauts were stratified into those who maintained (stable_TEE;
n
= 6) and those who decreased (decreased_TEE;
n
= 5) TEE and AEE compared to preflight data. Although both groups lost similar BM, FFM was maintained and FM reduced in stable_TEE astronauts, while FFM decreased and FM increased in decreased_TEE astronauts (estimated between-group-difference (EGD) in ΔFFMindex [FFMI] 0.87 kg/m
2
, 95% CI + 0.32 to + 1.41;
P
= 0.01, ΔFMindex [FMI] − 1.09 kg/m
2
, 95% CI − 2.06 to − 0.11 kg/m
2
;
P
= 0.03). The stable_TEE group had higher baseline FFMI, and greater baseline and inflight vigorous PA than the decreased_TEE group (
P
< 0.05 for all). ΔFMI and ΔFFMI were respectively negatively and positively associated with both ΔTEE and ΔAEE.
Conclusion
Both ground fitness and inflight overall PA are associated with spaceflight-induced TEE and BC changes and thus energy requirements. New instruments are needed to measure real-time individual changes in inflight energy balance components.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0112-1642</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1179-2035</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01728-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35829995</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Astronauts ; Balance ; Body composition ; Body mass ; Energy ; Energy balance ; Energy expenditure ; Energy requirements ; Exercise ; Experiments ; Fat-free body mass ; Human health and pathology ; Life Sciences ; Medical research ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Moon ; Original Research Article ; Physical activity ; Physical fitness ; Physical training ; Proteins ; Space flight ; Space stations ; Sports Medicine ; Tissues and Organs</subject><ispartof>Sports medicine (Auckland), 2022-12, Vol.52 (12), p.3039-3053</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Dec 2022</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-3f82f83bfeb66b5bc9c57aa533f3d9214c3de9005ffb77e7a23609d6e8a814373</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-3f82f83bfeb66b5bc9c57aa533f3d9214c3de9005ffb77e7a23609d6e8a814373</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1266-5144 ; 0000-0003-4216-7725 ; 0000-0001-5126-4848 ; 0000-0002-5770-3853 ; 0000-0001-7927-9603 ; 0000-0002-7820-3233</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-022-01728-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40279-022-01728-6$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-03727261$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bourdier, Pierre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zahariev, Alexandre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schoeller, Dale A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chery, Isabelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Le Roux, Elisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thevenot, Cécile</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maillet, Alain</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garnotel, Maël</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bergouignan, Audrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanc, Stéphane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simon, Chantal</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Exercise on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Astronauts Onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for Interplanetary Travel</title><title>Sports medicine (Auckland)</title><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><description>Objective
Body mass (BM) loss and body composition (BC) changes threaten astronauts’ health and mission success. However, the energetic contribution of the exercise countermeasure to these changes has never been investigated during long-term missions. We studied energy balance and BC in astronauts during 6-month missions onboard the International Space Station.
Methods
Before and after at least 3 months in space, BM, BC, total and activity energy expenditure (TEE and AEE) were measured using the doubly labeled water method in 11 astronauts (2011–2017). Physical activity (PA) was assessed by the SensewearPro® activity-device.
Results
Three-month spaceflight decreased BM (− 1.20 kg [SE 0.5];
P
= 0.04), mainly due to non-significant fat-free mass loss (FFM; − 0.94 kg [0.59]). The decrease in walking time (− 63.2 min/day [11.5];
P
< 0.001) from preflight was compensated by increases in non-ambulatory activities (+ 64.8 min/day [18.8];
P
< 0.01). Average TEE was unaffected but a large interindividual variability was noted. Astronauts were stratified into those who maintained (stable_TEE;
n
= 6) and those who decreased (decreased_TEE;
n
= 5) TEE and AEE compared to preflight data. Although both groups lost similar BM, FFM was maintained and FM reduced in stable_TEE astronauts, while FFM decreased and FM increased in decreased_TEE astronauts (estimated between-group-difference (EGD) in ΔFFMindex [FFMI] 0.87 kg/m
2
, 95% CI + 0.32 to + 1.41;
P
= 0.01, ΔFMindex [FMI] − 1.09 kg/m
2
, 95% CI − 2.06 to − 0.11 kg/m
2
;
P
= 0.03). The stable_TEE group had higher baseline FFMI, and greater baseline and inflight vigorous PA than the decreased_TEE group (
P
< 0.05 for all). ΔFMI and ΔFFMI were respectively negatively and positively associated with both ΔTEE and ΔAEE.
Conclusion
Both ground fitness and inflight overall PA are associated with spaceflight-induced TEE and BC changes and thus energy requirements. New instruments are needed to measure real-time individual changes in inflight energy balance components.</description><subject>Astronauts</subject><subject>Balance</subject><subject>Body composition</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Energy balance</subject><subject>Energy expenditure</subject><subject>Energy requirements</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Fat-free body mass</subject><subject>Human health and pathology</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Moon</subject><subject>Original Research Article</subject><subject>Physical activity</subject><subject>Physical fitness</subject><subject>Physical training</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Space flight</subject><subject>Space stations</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><subject>Tissues and Organs</subject><issn>0112-1642</issn><issn>1179-2035</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1u1DAUhS0EotOfF2BliQ0sQv2T2A676WhKK43URcvacpLrNlXGDrZTMQ_Du-JMEEgsurLu0XePj30Q-kDJF0qIvIwlYbIuCGMFoZKpQrxBK0qzxAiv3qIVoZQVVJTsBJ3G-EwIqVTJ3qMTXilW13W1Qr-21kKbsLd4-xNC20fA3uGtg_B4yNIIruvTFAAb1-Er3x3wxu9HH_vUZ653eB1T8M5MKeI713gTOpyeAN-6BMGZmTIDvh9NC_g-Heev2cLFvoNwHCO2Piz8OBgHyYQDfgjmBYZz9M6aIcLFn_MMfb_ePmxuit3dt9vNele0JSep4FYxq3hjoRGiqZq2bitpTMW55V3NaNnyDur8emsbKUEaxgWpOwHKKFpyyc_Q58X3yQx6DP0-R9De9PpmvdOzRrhkkgn6QjP7aWHH4H9MEJPe97GFYY7up6iZUDWpKkFERj_-hz77KX_KkClZZkhJNV_OFqoNPsYA9m8CSvRctF6K1rlofSxaz9Z8WYoZdo8Q_lm_svUbHtarOQ</recordid><startdate>20221201</startdate><enddate>20221201</enddate><creator>Bourdier, Pierre</creator><creator>Zahariev, Alexandre</creator><creator>Schoeller, Dale A.</creator><creator>Chery, Isabelle</creator><creator>Le Roux, Elisa</creator><creator>Thevenot, Cécile</creator><creator>Maillet, Alain</creator><creator>Garnotel, Maël</creator><creator>Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette</creator><creator>Bergouignan, Audrey</creator><creator>Blanc, Stéphane</creator><creator>Simon, Chantal</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>Springer Verlag</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1266-5144</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-7725</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-4848</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-3853</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7927-9603</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7820-3233</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20221201</creationdate><title>Effect of Exercise on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Astronauts Onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for Interplanetary Travel</title><author>Bourdier, Pierre ; Zahariev, Alexandre ; Schoeller, Dale A. ; Chery, Isabelle ; Le Roux, Elisa ; Thevenot, Cécile ; Maillet, Alain ; Garnotel, Maël ; Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette ; Bergouignan, Audrey ; Blanc, Stéphane ; Simon, Chantal</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-3f82f83bfeb66b5bc9c57aa533f3d9214c3de9005ffb77e7a23609d6e8a814373</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Astronauts</topic><topic>Balance</topic><topic>Body composition</topic><topic>Body mass</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>Energy balance</topic><topic>Energy expenditure</topic><topic>Energy requirements</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>Fat-free body mass</topic><topic>Human health and pathology</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Moon</topic><topic>Original Research Article</topic><topic>Physical activity</topic><topic>Physical fitness</topic><topic>Physical training</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Space flight</topic><topic>Space stations</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><topic>Tissues and Organs</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Bourdier, Pierre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zahariev, Alexandre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schoeller, Dale A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chery, Isabelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Le Roux, Elisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thevenot, Cécile</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maillet, Alain</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garnotel, Maël</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bergouignan, Audrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanc, Stéphane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simon, Chantal</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bourdier, Pierre</au><au>Zahariev, Alexandre</au><au>Schoeller, Dale A.</au><au>Chery, Isabelle</au><au>Le Roux, Elisa</au><au>Thevenot, Cécile</au><au>Maillet, Alain</au><au>Garnotel, Maël</au><au>Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette</au><au>Bergouignan, Audrey</au><au>Blanc, Stéphane</au><au>Simon, Chantal</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Exercise on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Astronauts Onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for Interplanetary Travel</atitle><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle><stitle>Sports Med</stitle><date>2022-12-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>52</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>3039</spage><epage>3053</epage><pages>3039-3053</pages><issn>0112-1642</issn><eissn>1179-2035</eissn><abstract>Objective
Body mass (BM) loss and body composition (BC) changes threaten astronauts’ health and mission success. However, the energetic contribution of the exercise countermeasure to these changes has never been investigated during long-term missions. We studied energy balance and BC in astronauts during 6-month missions onboard the International Space Station.
Methods
Before and after at least 3 months in space, BM, BC, total and activity energy expenditure (TEE and AEE) were measured using the doubly labeled water method in 11 astronauts (2011–2017). Physical activity (PA) was assessed by the SensewearPro® activity-device.
Results
Three-month spaceflight decreased BM (− 1.20 kg [SE 0.5];
P
= 0.04), mainly due to non-significant fat-free mass loss (FFM; − 0.94 kg [0.59]). The decrease in walking time (− 63.2 min/day [11.5];
P
< 0.001) from preflight was compensated by increases in non-ambulatory activities (+ 64.8 min/day [18.8];
P
< 0.01). Average TEE was unaffected but a large interindividual variability was noted. Astronauts were stratified into those who maintained (stable_TEE;
n
= 6) and those who decreased (decreased_TEE;
n
= 5) TEE and AEE compared to preflight data. Although both groups lost similar BM, FFM was maintained and FM reduced in stable_TEE astronauts, while FFM decreased and FM increased in decreased_TEE astronauts (estimated between-group-difference (EGD) in ΔFFMindex [FFMI] 0.87 kg/m
2
, 95% CI + 0.32 to + 1.41;
P
= 0.01, ΔFMindex [FMI] − 1.09 kg/m
2
, 95% CI − 2.06 to − 0.11 kg/m
2
;
P
= 0.03). The stable_TEE group had higher baseline FFMI, and greater baseline and inflight vigorous PA than the decreased_TEE group (
P
< 0.05 for all). ΔFMI and ΔFFMI were respectively negatively and positively associated with both ΔTEE and ΔAEE.
Conclusion
Both ground fitness and inflight overall PA are associated with spaceflight-induced TEE and BC changes and thus energy requirements. New instruments are needed to measure real-time individual changes in inflight energy balance components.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>35829995</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40279-022-01728-6</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1266-5144</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-7725</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-4848</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-3853</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7927-9603</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7820-3233</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0112-1642 |
| ispartof | Sports medicine (Auckland), 2022-12, Vol.52 (12), p.3039-3053 |
| issn | 0112-1642 1179-2035 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_03727261v1 |
| source | SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Astronauts Balance Body composition Body mass Energy Energy balance Energy expenditure Energy requirements Exercise Experiments Fat-free body mass Human health and pathology Life Sciences Medical research Medicine Medicine & Public Health Moon Original Research Article Physical activity Physical fitness Physical training Proteins Space flight Space stations Sports Medicine Tissues and Organs |
| title | Effect of Exercise on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Astronauts Onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for Interplanetary Travel |
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