Strong low-frequency radio flaring from Cygnus X-3 observed with LOFAR
ABSTRACT We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) 143.5-MHz radio observations of flaring activity during 2019 May from the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. Similar to radio observations of previous outbursts from Cygnus X-3, we find that this source was significantly variable at low frequencies, reaching a m...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2021-06, Vol.504 (1), p.1482-1494 |
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creator | Broderick, J W Russell, T D Fender, R P Trushkin, S A Green, D A Chauhan, J Nizhelskij, N A Tsybulev, P G Bursov, N N Shevchenko, A V Pooley, G G Williams, D R A Bright, J S Rowlinson, A Corbel, S |
description | ABSTRACT
We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) 143.5-MHz radio observations of flaring activity during 2019 May from the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. Similar to radio observations of previous outbursts from Cygnus X-3, we find that this source was significantly variable at low frequencies, reaching a maximum flux density of about 5.8 Jy. We compare our LOFAR light curve with contemporaneous observations taken at 1.25 and 2.3 GHz with the RATAN-600 telescope, and at 15 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) Large Array. The initial 143.5-MHz flux density level, ∼2 Jy, is suggested to be the delayed and possibly blended emission from at least some of the flaring activity that had been detected at higher frequencies before our LOFAR observations had begun. There is also evidence of a delay of more than 4 d between a bright flare that initially peaked on May 6 at 2.3 and 15 GHz, and the corresponding peak (≳ 5.8 Jy) at 143.5 MHz. From the multifrequency light curves, we estimate the minimum energy and magnetic field required to produce this flare to be roughly 1044 erg and 40 mG, respectively, corresponding to a minimum mean power of ∼1038 erg s−1. Additionally, we show that the broadband radio spectrum evolved over the course of our observing campaign; in particular, the two-point spectral index between 143.5 MHz and 1.25 GHz transitioned from being optically thick to optically thin as the flare simultaneously brightened at 143.5 MHz and faded at GHz frequencies. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1093/mnras/stab708 |
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We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) 143.5-MHz radio observations of flaring activity during 2019 May from the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. Similar to radio observations of previous outbursts from Cygnus X-3, we find that this source was significantly variable at low frequencies, reaching a maximum flux density of about 5.8 Jy. We compare our LOFAR light curve with contemporaneous observations taken at 1.25 and 2.3 GHz with the RATAN-600 telescope, and at 15 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) Large Array. The initial 143.5-MHz flux density level, ∼2 Jy, is suggested to be the delayed and possibly blended emission from at least some of the flaring activity that had been detected at higher frequencies before our LOFAR observations had begun. There is also evidence of a delay of more than 4 d between a bright flare that initially peaked on May 6 at 2.3 and 15 GHz, and the corresponding peak (≳ 5.8 Jy) at 143.5 MHz. From the multifrequency light curves, we estimate the minimum energy and magnetic field required to produce this flare to be roughly 1044 erg and 40 mG, respectively, corresponding to a minimum mean power of ∼1038 erg s−1. Additionally, we show that the broadband radio spectrum evolved over the course of our observing campaign; in particular, the two-point spectral index between 143.5 MHz and 1.25 GHz transitioned from being optically thick to optically thin as the flare simultaneously brightened at 143.5 MHz and faded at GHz frequencies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0035-8711</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2966</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab708</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Astrophysics ; Physics</subject><ispartof>Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021-06, Vol.504 (1), p.1482-1494</ispartof><rights>2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society 2021</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c343t-9ba8c83b13e64ac6085add05dec249da31ebad01f7aa800aa9c5fe98caeca73a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c343t-9ba8c83b13e64ac6085add05dec249da31ebad01f7aa800aa9c5fe98caeca73a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0330-1901 ; 0000-0002-7735-5796 ; 0000-0002-2239-6099 ; 0000-0003-3189-9998 ; 0000-0001-7361-0246 ; 0000-0001-6958-8891 ; 0000-0002-1195-7022</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1604,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab708$$EView_record_in_Oxford_University_Press$$FView_record_in_$$GOxford_University_Press</linktorsrc><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-03210343$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Broderick, J W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russell, T D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fender, R P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trushkin, S A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Green, D A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chauhan, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nizhelskij, N A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsybulev, P G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bursov, N N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shevchenko, A V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pooley, G G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Williams, D R A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bright, J S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rowlinson, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corbel, S</creatorcontrib><title>Strong low-frequency radio flaring from Cygnus X-3 observed with LOFAR</title><title>Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><description>ABSTRACT
We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) 143.5-MHz radio observations of flaring activity during 2019 May from the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. Similar to radio observations of previous outbursts from Cygnus X-3, we find that this source was significantly variable at low frequencies, reaching a maximum flux density of about 5.8 Jy. We compare our LOFAR light curve with contemporaneous observations taken at 1.25 and 2.3 GHz with the RATAN-600 telescope, and at 15 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) Large Array. The initial 143.5-MHz flux density level, ∼2 Jy, is suggested to be the delayed and possibly blended emission from at least some of the flaring activity that had been detected at higher frequencies before our LOFAR observations had begun. There is also evidence of a delay of more than 4 d between a bright flare that initially peaked on May 6 at 2.3 and 15 GHz, and the corresponding peak (≳ 5.8 Jy) at 143.5 MHz. From the multifrequency light curves, we estimate the minimum energy and magnetic field required to produce this flare to be roughly 1044 erg and 40 mG, respectively, corresponding to a minimum mean power of ∼1038 erg s−1. Additionally, we show that the broadband radio spectrum evolved over the course of our observing campaign; in particular, the two-point spectral index between 143.5 MHz and 1.25 GHz transitioned from being optically thick to optically thin as the flare simultaneously brightened at 143.5 MHz and faded at GHz frequencies.</description><subject>Astrophysics</subject><subject>Physics</subject><issn>0035-8711</issn><issn>1365-2966</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkE1LAzEQhoMoWKtH7znqIXay2Y_ssRTbCgsFP8BbmE2y7cp2U5NtS_-9W1u8ehqYeeZ94SHknsMTh1yM1q3HMAodlhnICzLgIk1YlKfpJRkAiITJjPNrchPCFwDEIkoHZPrWedcuaeP2rPL2e2tbfaAeTe1o1aCv-1vl3ZpODst2G-gnE9SVwfqdNXRfdytaLKbj11tyVWET7N15DsnH9Pl9MmfFYvYyGRdMi1h0LC9RailKLmwao05BJmgMJMbqKM4NCm5LNMCrDFECIOY6qWwuNVqNmUAxJI-n3BU2auPrNfqDclir-bhQxx2IiEPfteM9y06s9i4Eb6u_Bw7qKEz9ClNnYT3_cOLddvMP-gMcWG7C</recordid><startdate>20210601</startdate><enddate>20210601</enddate><creator>Broderick, J W</creator><creator>Russell, T D</creator><creator>Fender, R P</creator><creator>Trushkin, S A</creator><creator>Green, D A</creator><creator>Chauhan, J</creator><creator>Nizhelskij, N A</creator><creator>Tsybulev, P G</creator><creator>Bursov, N N</creator><creator>Shevchenko, A V</creator><creator>Pooley, G G</creator><creator>Williams, D R A</creator><creator>Bright, J S</creator><creator>Rowlinson, A</creator><creator>Corbel, S</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy P - Oxford Open Option A</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-1901</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-5796</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-6099</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-9998</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-0246</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6958-8891</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1195-7022</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210601</creationdate><title>Strong low-frequency radio flaring from Cygnus X-3 observed with LOFAR</title><author>Broderick, J W ; Russell, T D ; Fender, R P ; Trushkin, S A ; Green, D A ; Chauhan, J ; Nizhelskij, N A ; Tsybulev, P G ; Bursov, N N ; Shevchenko, A V ; Pooley, G G ; Williams, D R A ; Bright, J S ; Rowlinson, A ; Corbel, S</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c343t-9ba8c83b13e64ac6085add05dec249da31ebad01f7aa800aa9c5fe98caeca73a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Astrophysics</topic><topic>Physics</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Broderick, J W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russell, T D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fender, R P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trushkin, S A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Green, D A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chauhan, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nizhelskij, N A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsybulev, P G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bursov, N N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shevchenko, A V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pooley, G G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Williams, D R A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bright, J S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rowlinson, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corbel, S</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><jtitle>Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Broderick, J W</au><au>Russell, T D</au><au>Fender, R P</au><au>Trushkin, S A</au><au>Green, D A</au><au>Chauhan, J</au><au>Nizhelskij, N A</au><au>Tsybulev, P G</au><au>Bursov, N N</au><au>Shevchenko, A V</au><au>Pooley, G G</au><au>Williams, D R A</au><au>Bright, J S</au><au>Rowlinson, A</au><au>Corbel, S</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Strong low-frequency radio flaring from Cygnus X-3 observed with LOFAR</atitle><jtitle>Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</jtitle><date>2021-06-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>504</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1482</spage><epage>1494</epage><pages>1482-1494</pages><issn>0035-8711</issn><eissn>1365-2966</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACT
We present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) 143.5-MHz radio observations of flaring activity during 2019 May from the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. Similar to radio observations of previous outbursts from Cygnus X-3, we find that this source was significantly variable at low frequencies, reaching a maximum flux density of about 5.8 Jy. We compare our LOFAR light curve with contemporaneous observations taken at 1.25 and 2.3 GHz with the RATAN-600 telescope, and at 15 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) Large Array. The initial 143.5-MHz flux density level, ∼2 Jy, is suggested to be the delayed and possibly blended emission from at least some of the flaring activity that had been detected at higher frequencies before our LOFAR observations had begun. There is also evidence of a delay of more than 4 d between a bright flare that initially peaked on May 6 at 2.3 and 15 GHz, and the corresponding peak (≳ 5.8 Jy) at 143.5 MHz. From the multifrequency light curves, we estimate the minimum energy and magnetic field required to produce this flare to be roughly 1044 erg and 40 mG, respectively, corresponding to a minimum mean power of ∼1038 erg s−1. Additionally, we show that the broadband radio spectrum evolved over the course of our observing campaign; in particular, the two-point spectral index between 143.5 MHz and 1.25 GHz transitioned from being optically thick to optically thin as the flare simultaneously brightened at 143.5 MHz and faded at GHz frequencies.</abstract><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><doi>10.1093/mnras/stab708</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-1901</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-5796</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-6099</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-9998</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-0246</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6958-8891</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1195-7022</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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title | Strong low-frequency radio flaring from Cygnus X-3 observed with LOFAR |
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