A serological survey of Bacillus anthracis reveals widespread exposure to the pathogen in free‐range and captive lions in Zimbabwe
Numerous unknown factors influence anthrax epidemiology in multi‐host systems, especially at wildlife/livestock/human interfaces. Serology tests for anti‐anthrax antibodies in carnivores are useful tools in identifying the presence or absence of Bacillus anthracis in a range. These were employed to...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Transboundary and emerging diseases 2021-05, Vol.68 (3), p.1676-1684 |
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| creator | Mukarati, Norman L. Ndumnego, Okechukwu C. Ochai, Sunday O. Jauro, Solomon Loveridge, Andrew Heerden, Henriette Matope, Gift Caron, Alexandre Hanyire, Tapiwa G. Garine‐Wichatitsky, Michel Pfukenyi, Davies M. |
| description | Numerous unknown factors influence anthrax epidemiology in multi‐host systems, especially at wildlife/livestock/human interfaces. Serology tests for anti‐anthrax antibodies in carnivores are useful tools in identifying the presence or absence of Bacillus anthracis in a range. These were employed to ascertain whether the disease pattern followed the recognized high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zonation in Zimbabwe and also to establish whether anthrax was absent from Hwange National Park in which there have been no reported outbreaks. African lions (Panthera leo) (n = 114) drawn from free‐range protected areas and captive game parks located in recognized high‐ and low‐risk zones across Zimbabwe were tested for antibodies to anthrax PA antigen using the ELISA immunoassay. A random selection of 27 lion sera samples comprising 17 seropositive and 10 seronegative sera was further tested in the species‐independent toxin neutralization assay (TNA) in order to validate the former as a surveillance tool for anthrax in African lions. Using the ELISA‐PA immunoassay, 21.9% (25/114) of the lions tested positive for antibodies to anthrax. Seropositivity was recorded in all study areas, and there was no significant difference (p = .852) in seropositivity between lions in high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zones. Also, there was no significant difference (McNemar’s chi‐square test = 0.9, p = .343) in the proportion of lions testing positive to anti‐PA anthrax antibodies on ELISA‐PA immunoassay compared with the TNA, with fair agreement between the two tests [kappa (K) statistic = 0.30; 0.08 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/tbed.13842 |
| format | Article |
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Serology tests for anti‐anthrax antibodies in carnivores are useful tools in identifying the presence or absence of Bacillus anthracis in a range. These were employed to ascertain whether the disease pattern followed the recognized high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zonation in Zimbabwe and also to establish whether anthrax was absent from Hwange National Park in which there have been no reported outbreaks. African lions (Panthera leo) (n = 114) drawn from free‐range protected areas and captive game parks located in recognized high‐ and low‐risk zones across Zimbabwe were tested for antibodies to anthrax PA antigen using the ELISA immunoassay. A random selection of 27 lion sera samples comprising 17 seropositive and 10 seronegative sera was further tested in the species‐independent toxin neutralization assay (TNA) in order to validate the former as a surveillance tool for anthrax in African lions. Using the ELISA‐PA immunoassay, 21.9% (25/114) of the lions tested positive for antibodies to anthrax. Seropositivity was recorded in all study areas, and there was no significant difference (p = .852) in seropositivity between lions in high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zones. Also, there was no significant difference (McNemar’s chi‐square test = 0.9, p = .343) in the proportion of lions testing positive to anti‐PA anthrax antibodies on ELISA‐PA immunoassay compared with the TNA, with fair agreement between the two tests [kappa (K) statistic = 0.30; 0.08 < K<0.613]. Results of this study indicate that anthrax could be more widespread than 42 currently realized in Zimbabwe, and present in recognized high‐ and low‐risk zones, including 43 where it has not been reported in over 20 years such as Hwange National Park. This is also the 44 first report documenting the presence of anthrax lethal toxin‐neutralizing antibodies in naturally 45 infected carnivores, further confirming exposure to B. anthracis. The research results point to a 46 need for revisiting the currently recognized anthrax risk zones in Zimbabwe. This should be based 47 on improved surveillance of the disease in both wild and domestic animals for better understanding and control of the disease.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1865-1674</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1865-1682</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13842</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32964687</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin: Hindawi Limited</publisher><subject>African lions (Panthera leo) ; Animal biology ; Anthrax ; anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) ; Anthrax lethal toxin ; anthrax protective antibody–antigen ; Antibodies ; Antigens ; Bacillus anthracis ; captive game parks ; Carnivores ; Disease control ; Domestic animals ; ELISA immunoassay ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Epidemiology ; Host systems ; Immunoassay ; Interfaces ; Life Sciences ; Livestock ; National parks ; Neutralization ; Pattern recognition ; Protected areas ; Risk ; Santé publique et épidémiologie ; Serology ; Statistical methods ; Surveillance ; toxin neutralization assay (TNA) ; Toxins ; Veterinary medicine and animal Health ; Wildlife ; Zonation</subject><ispartof>Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2021-05, Vol.68 (3), p.1676-1684</ispartof><rights>2020 Wiley‐VCH GmbH</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Blackwell Verlag GmbH</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2832-5324d6efe9af8858e6a1cd241b2df4d591baf58324f544ddfe7be71d2245a48e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2832-5324d6efe9af8858e6a1cd241b2df4d591baf58324f544ddfe7be71d2245a48e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0150-9170 ; 0000-0002-2615-7394 ; 0000-0003-2958-7151 ; 0000-0002-5213-3273 ; 0000-0002-5438-1473</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Ftbed.13842$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Ftbed.13842$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02985784$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mukarati, Norman L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ndumnego, Okechukwu C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ochai, Sunday O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jauro, Solomon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loveridge, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heerden, Henriette</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matope, Gift</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caron, Alexandre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanyire, Tapiwa G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garine‐Wichatitsky, Michel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfukenyi, Davies M.</creatorcontrib><title>A serological survey of Bacillus anthracis reveals widespread exposure to the pathogen in free‐range and captive lions in Zimbabwe</title><title>Transboundary and emerging diseases</title><description>Numerous unknown factors influence anthrax epidemiology in multi‐host systems, especially at wildlife/livestock/human interfaces. Serology tests for anti‐anthrax antibodies in carnivores are useful tools in identifying the presence or absence of Bacillus anthracis in a range. These were employed to ascertain whether the disease pattern followed the recognized high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zonation in Zimbabwe and also to establish whether anthrax was absent from Hwange National Park in which there have been no reported outbreaks. African lions (Panthera leo) (n = 114) drawn from free‐range protected areas and captive game parks located in recognized high‐ and low‐risk zones across Zimbabwe were tested for antibodies to anthrax PA antigen using the ELISA immunoassay. A random selection of 27 lion sera samples comprising 17 seropositive and 10 seronegative sera was further tested in the species‐independent toxin neutralization assay (TNA) in order to validate the former as a surveillance tool for anthrax in African lions. Using the ELISA‐PA immunoassay, 21.9% (25/114) of the lions tested positive for antibodies to anthrax. Seropositivity was recorded in all study areas, and there was no significant difference (p = .852) in seropositivity between lions in high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zones. Also, there was no significant difference (McNemar’s chi‐square test = 0.9, p = .343) in the proportion of lions testing positive to anti‐PA anthrax antibodies on ELISA‐PA immunoassay compared with the TNA, with fair agreement between the two tests [kappa (K) statistic = 0.30; 0.08 < K<0.613]. Results of this study indicate that anthrax could be more widespread than 42 currently realized in Zimbabwe, and present in recognized high‐ and low‐risk zones, including 43 where it has not been reported in over 20 years such as Hwange National Park. This is also the 44 first report documenting the presence of anthrax lethal toxin‐neutralizing antibodies in naturally 45 infected carnivores, further confirming exposure to B. anthracis. The research results point to a 46 need for revisiting the currently recognized anthrax risk zones in Zimbabwe. This should be based 47 on improved surveillance of the disease in both wild and domestic animals for better understanding and control of the disease.</description><subject>African lions (Panthera leo)</subject><subject>Animal biology</subject><subject>Anthrax</subject><subject>anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)</subject><subject>Anthrax lethal toxin</subject><subject>anthrax protective antibody–antigen</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Bacillus anthracis</subject><subject>captive game parks</subject><subject>Carnivores</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Domestic animals</subject><subject>ELISA immunoassay</subject><subject>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Host systems</subject><subject>Immunoassay</subject><subject>Interfaces</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Livestock</subject><subject>National parks</subject><subject>Neutralization</subject><subject>Pattern recognition</subject><subject>Protected areas</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Santé publique et épidémiologie</subject><subject>Serology</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>toxin neutralization assay (TNA)</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>Veterinary medicine and animal Health</subject><subject>Wildlife</subject><subject>Zonation</subject><issn>1865-1674</issn><issn>1865-1682</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp90c1u1DAQB3ALgWgpXHgCS1wo0pbYsRPnuC0tRVqJS7lwsSbxeNeVNw52ssveOPAAPCNPUi9BPXDAF3_oN3-NNYS8ZsUFy-v92KK5YKUS_Ak5ZaqSC1Yp_vTxXIsT8iKl-6KoiqaSz8lJyZtKVKo-JT-XNGEMPqxdB56mKe7wQIOll9A576dEoR83MV8SjbhD8InuncE0RARD8fsQcg3SMdBxg3SAcRPW2FPXUxsRf__4FaFfY04xtINhdDuk3oU-HcVXt22h3eNL8szmYHz1dz8jX26u765uF6vPHz9dLVeLjquSL2TJhanQYgNWKamwAtYZLljLjRVGNqwFK7MUVgphjMW6xZoZzoUEobA8I-dz7ga8HqLbQjzoAE7fLlf6-FbwRslaiR3L9u1shxi-TZhGvXWpQ--hxzAlzYWQgotGikzf_EPvwxT7_BPNc89FWRd1k9W7WXUxpBTRPnbACn2coz7OUf-ZY8Zsxnvn8fAfqe8urz_MNQ_Oa6AL</recordid><startdate>202105</startdate><enddate>202105</enddate><creator>Mukarati, Norman L.</creator><creator>Ndumnego, Okechukwu C.</creator><creator>Ochai, Sunday O.</creator><creator>Jauro, Solomon</creator><creator>Loveridge, Andrew</creator><creator>Heerden, Henriette</creator><creator>Matope, Gift</creator><creator>Caron, Alexandre</creator><creator>Hanyire, Tapiwa G.</creator><creator>Garine‐Wichatitsky, Michel</creator><creator>Pfukenyi, Davies M.</creator><general>Hindawi Limited</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0150-9170</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-7394</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-7151</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5213-3273</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-1473</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202105</creationdate><title>A serological survey of Bacillus anthracis reveals widespread exposure to the pathogen in free‐range and captive lions in Zimbabwe</title><author>Mukarati, Norman L. ; Ndumnego, Okechukwu C. ; Ochai, Sunday O. ; Jauro, Solomon ; Loveridge, Andrew ; Heerden, Henriette ; Matope, Gift ; Caron, Alexandre ; Hanyire, Tapiwa G. ; Garine‐Wichatitsky, Michel ; Pfukenyi, Davies M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2832-5324d6efe9af8858e6a1cd241b2df4d591baf58324f544ddfe7be71d2245a48e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>African lions (Panthera leo)</topic><topic>Animal biology</topic><topic>Anthrax</topic><topic>anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)</topic><topic>Anthrax lethal toxin</topic><topic>anthrax protective antibody–antigen</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Antigens</topic><topic>Bacillus anthracis</topic><topic>captive game parks</topic><topic>Carnivores</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Domestic animals</topic><topic>ELISA immunoassay</topic><topic>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Host systems</topic><topic>Immunoassay</topic><topic>Interfaces</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Livestock</topic><topic>National parks</topic><topic>Neutralization</topic><topic>Pattern recognition</topic><topic>Protected areas</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Santé publique et épidémiologie</topic><topic>Serology</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Surveillance</topic><topic>toxin neutralization assay (TNA)</topic><topic>Toxins</topic><topic>Veterinary medicine and animal Health</topic><topic>Wildlife</topic><topic>Zonation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mukarati, Norman L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ndumnego, Okechukwu C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ochai, Sunday O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jauro, Solomon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loveridge, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heerden, Henriette</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matope, Gift</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caron, Alexandre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanyire, Tapiwa G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garine‐Wichatitsky, Michel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfukenyi, Davies M.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Transboundary and emerging diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mukarati, Norman L.</au><au>Ndumnego, Okechukwu C.</au><au>Ochai, Sunday O.</au><au>Jauro, Solomon</au><au>Loveridge, Andrew</au><au>Heerden, Henriette</au><au>Matope, Gift</au><au>Caron, Alexandre</au><au>Hanyire, Tapiwa G.</au><au>Garine‐Wichatitsky, Michel</au><au>Pfukenyi, Davies M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A serological survey of Bacillus anthracis reveals widespread exposure to the pathogen in free‐range and captive lions in Zimbabwe</atitle><jtitle>Transboundary and emerging diseases</jtitle><date>2021-05</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>68</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1676</spage><epage>1684</epage><pages>1676-1684</pages><issn>1865-1674</issn><eissn>1865-1682</eissn><abstract>Numerous unknown factors influence anthrax epidemiology in multi‐host systems, especially at wildlife/livestock/human interfaces. Serology tests for anti‐anthrax antibodies in carnivores are useful tools in identifying the presence or absence of Bacillus anthracis in a range. These were employed to ascertain whether the disease pattern followed the recognized high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zonation in Zimbabwe and also to establish whether anthrax was absent from Hwange National Park in which there have been no reported outbreaks. African lions (Panthera leo) (n = 114) drawn from free‐range protected areas and captive game parks located in recognized high‐ and low‐risk zones across Zimbabwe were tested for antibodies to anthrax PA antigen using the ELISA immunoassay. A random selection of 27 lion sera samples comprising 17 seropositive and 10 seronegative sera was further tested in the species‐independent toxin neutralization assay (TNA) in order to validate the former as a surveillance tool for anthrax in African lions. Using the ELISA‐PA immunoassay, 21.9% (25/114) of the lions tested positive for antibodies to anthrax. Seropositivity was recorded in all study areas, and there was no significant difference (p = .852) in seropositivity between lions in high‐ and low‐risk anthrax zones. Also, there was no significant difference (McNemar’s chi‐square test = 0.9, p = .343) in the proportion of lions testing positive to anti‐PA anthrax antibodies on ELISA‐PA immunoassay compared with the TNA, with fair agreement between the two tests [kappa (K) statistic = 0.30; 0.08 < K<0.613]. Results of this study indicate that anthrax could be more widespread than 42 currently realized in Zimbabwe, and present in recognized high‐ and low‐risk zones, including 43 where it has not been reported in over 20 years such as Hwange National Park. This is also the 44 first report documenting the presence of anthrax lethal toxin‐neutralizing antibodies in naturally 45 infected carnivores, further confirming exposure to B. anthracis. The research results point to a 46 need for revisiting the currently recognized anthrax risk zones in Zimbabwe. This should be based 47 on improved surveillance of the disease in both wild and domestic animals for better understanding and control of the disease.</abstract><cop>Berlin</cop><pub>Hindawi Limited</pub><pmid>32964687</pmid><doi>10.1111/tbed.13842</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0150-9170</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-7394</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-7151</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5213-3273</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-1473</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2021-05, Vol.68 (3), p.1676-1684 |
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| source | Wiley Online Library - AutoHoldings Journals |
| subjects | African lions (Panthera leo) Animal biology Anthrax anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Anthrax lethal toxin anthrax protective antibody–antigen Antibodies Antigens Bacillus anthracis captive game parks Carnivores Disease control Domestic animals ELISA immunoassay Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Epidemiology Host systems Immunoassay Interfaces Life Sciences Livestock National parks Neutralization Pattern recognition Protected areas Risk Santé publique et épidémiologie Serology Statistical methods Surveillance toxin neutralization assay (TNA) Toxins Veterinary medicine and animal Health Wildlife Zonation |
| title | A serological survey of Bacillus anthracis reveals widespread exposure to the pathogen in free‐range and captive lions in Zimbabwe |
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