Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable d...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Pest management science 2021-03, Vol.77 (3), p.1178-1186 |
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| creator | Arich, Soukaina Assaid, Najlaa Taki, Hassan Weill, Mylène Labbé, Pierrick Sarih, M'hammed |
| description | BACKGROUND
Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved.
Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single‐diagnostic‐dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target‐site mutations.
RESULTS
This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices.
CONCLUSION
This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
This study confirms that Moroccan populations of Culex pipiens have a large gene flow for resistance alleles. They are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ps.6127 |
| format | Article |
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Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved.
Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single‐diagnostic‐dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target‐site mutations.
RESULTS
This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices.
CONCLUSION
This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
This study confirms that Moroccan populations of Culex pipiens have a large gene flow for resistance alleles. They are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1526-498X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1526-4998</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ps.6127</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33009878</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Alleles ; Animals ; arbovirus vectors ; Bioassays ; Culex - genetics ; Culex pipiens ; Diagnostic systems ; Disease control ; Disease resistance ; Ecology, environment ; Flow resistance ; Gene flow ; Humans ; Insect control ; Insecticide resistance ; Insecticide Resistance - genetics ; Insecticides ; Insecticides - pharmacology ; Larvae ; Life Sciences ; metabolic resistance ; Microbiology and Parasitology ; Molecular modelling ; molestus ; Morocco ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquitoes ; Mutation ; Natural populations ; Pesticide resistance ; Pesticides ; pipiens ; Population genetics ; Population studies ; Populations ; target‐site resistance ; Urban agriculture ; Vectors ; Virology</subject><ispartof>Pest management science, 2021-03, Vol.77 (3), p.1178-1186</ispartof><rights>2020 Society of Chemical Industry</rights><rights>2020 Society of Chemical Industry.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4127-36216f95f3bc4d8de6dd8a217516c8b5f76dff2560541ecdc2860b8e00358c1c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4127-36216f95f3bc4d8de6dd8a217516c8b5f76dff2560541ecdc2860b8e00358c1c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4375-0077 ; 0000-0002-4043-1601 ; 0000-0003-0806-1919</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fps.6127$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fps.6127$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33009878$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-02961654$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Arich, Soukaina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Assaid, Najlaa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taki, Hassan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weill, Mylène</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Labbé, Pierrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sarih, M'hammed</creatorcontrib><title>Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco</title><title>Pest management science</title><addtitle>Pest Manag Sci</addtitle><description>BACKGROUND
Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved.
Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single‐diagnostic‐dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target‐site mutations.
RESULTS
This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices.
CONCLUSION
This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
This study confirms that Moroccan populations of Culex pipiens have a large gene flow for resistance alleles. They are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco.</description><subject>Alleles</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>arbovirus vectors</subject><subject>Bioassays</subject><subject>Culex - genetics</subject><subject>Culex pipiens</subject><subject>Diagnostic systems</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Disease resistance</subject><subject>Ecology, environment</subject><subject>Flow resistance</subject><subject>Gene flow</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Insect control</subject><subject>Insecticide resistance</subject><subject>Insecticide Resistance - genetics</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Insecticides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Larvae</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>metabolic resistance</subject><subject>Microbiology and Parasitology</subject><subject>Molecular modelling</subject><subject>molestus</subject><subject>Morocco</subject><subject>Mosquito Control</subject><subject>Mosquitoes</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Natural populations</subject><subject>Pesticide resistance</subject><subject>Pesticides</subject><subject>pipiens</subject><subject>Population genetics</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Populations</subject><subject>target‐site resistance</subject><subject>Urban agriculture</subject><subject>Vectors</subject><subject>Virology</subject><issn>1526-498X</issn><issn>1526-4998</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kV2L1DAUhoMozu4o_gMJeCGLdEzSNk0vl3HXEcYPUNG7kCanTIa26SZtdf69qR3nzqu85Dw8nA-EXlCyoYSwt33YcMqKR-iK5ownWVmKx5csfq7QdQhHQkhZluwpWqVpjKIQV-j0zobB22ocrOuwq7HtAujBamsAewixqjoNWHUGt64BPTbK4xb0QXU2tCHyk2smMDHg4QD4B4QBf7IN4Cl6nMfbsYHfuLe9hW7G8UfnndbuGXpSqybA8_O7Rt_v775td8n-8_sP29t9orM4UZJyRnld5nVa6cwIA9wYoRgtcsq1qPK64KauWc5JnlHQRjPBSSWAkDQXmup0jW4W70E1sve2Vf4knbJyd7uX8x9hJac8zyYa2VcL23v3MMZJ5NGNvovtSZaJLGW0zGbq9UJp70LwUF-0lMj5HLIPcj5HJF-efWPVgrlw__YfgTcL8Ctu7PQ_j_zy9a_uDyZLk0o</recordid><startdate>202103</startdate><enddate>202103</enddate><creator>Arich, Soukaina</creator><creator>Assaid, Najlaa</creator><creator>Taki, Hassan</creator><creator>Weill, Mylène</creator><creator>Labbé, Pierrick</creator><creator>Sarih, M'hammed</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><general>Wiley</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-0077</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4043-1601</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0806-1919</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202103</creationdate><title>Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco</title><author>Arich, Soukaina ; Assaid, Najlaa ; Taki, Hassan ; Weill, Mylène ; Labbé, Pierrick ; Sarih, M'hammed</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4127-36216f95f3bc4d8de6dd8a217516c8b5f76dff2560541ecdc2860b8e00358c1c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Alleles</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>arbovirus vectors</topic><topic>Bioassays</topic><topic>Culex - genetics</topic><topic>Culex pipiens</topic><topic>Diagnostic systems</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Disease resistance</topic><topic>Ecology, environment</topic><topic>Flow resistance</topic><topic>Gene flow</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Insect control</topic><topic>Insecticide resistance</topic><topic>Insecticide Resistance - genetics</topic><topic>Insecticides</topic><topic>Insecticides - pharmacology</topic><topic>Larvae</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>metabolic resistance</topic><topic>Microbiology and Parasitology</topic><topic>Molecular modelling</topic><topic>molestus</topic><topic>Morocco</topic><topic>Mosquito Control</topic><topic>Mosquitoes</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Natural populations</topic><topic>Pesticide resistance</topic><topic>Pesticides</topic><topic>pipiens</topic><topic>Population genetics</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Populations</topic><topic>target‐site resistance</topic><topic>Urban agriculture</topic><topic>Vectors</topic><topic>Virology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Arich, Soukaina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Assaid, Najlaa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taki, Hassan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weill, Mylène</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Labbé, Pierrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sarih, M'hammed</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><jtitle>Pest management science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Arich, Soukaina</au><au>Assaid, Najlaa</au><au>Taki, Hassan</au><au>Weill, Mylène</au><au>Labbé, Pierrick</au><au>Sarih, M'hammed</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco</atitle><jtitle>Pest management science</jtitle><addtitle>Pest Manag Sci</addtitle><date>2021-03</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>77</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1178</spage><epage>1186</epage><pages>1178-1186</pages><issn>1526-498X</issn><eissn>1526-4998</eissn><abstract>BACKGROUND
Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved.
Cx. pipiens larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single‐diagnostic‐dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target‐site mutations.
RESULTS
This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of pipiens and molestus forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices.
CONCLUSION
This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture/urban residuals in its spread. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
This study confirms that Moroccan populations of Culex pipiens have a large gene flow for resistance alleles. They are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco.</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>33009878</pmid><doi>10.1002/ps.6127</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-0077</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4043-1601</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0806-1919</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Alleles Animals arbovirus vectors Bioassays Culex - genetics Culex pipiens Diagnostic systems Disease control Disease resistance Ecology, environment Flow resistance Gene flow Humans Insect control Insecticide resistance Insecticide Resistance - genetics Insecticides Insecticides - pharmacology Larvae Life Sciences metabolic resistance Microbiology and Parasitology Molecular modelling molestus Morocco Mosquito Control Mosquitoes Mutation Natural populations Pesticide resistance Pesticides pipiens Population genetics Population studies Populations target‐site resistance Urban agriculture Vectors Virology |
| title | Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector Culex pipiens in Morocco |
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