Valorization of digestates from urban or centralized biogas plants: a critical review

Direct landspreading of anaerobic digestates is the most common digestate management strategy. Nevertheless, digestate post-treatment can be unavoidable, especially for environmental services providers operating large-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) facilities. This review aims to assess the technical feasibility of achieving value-added products from digestates from urban and/or centralized AD plants (UC-AD). An exhaustive effort was dedicated to identifying and clarifying the available processing technologies and specific issues that can be related to UC-AD digestates. The valorization options were classified according to the final product destination. The result is a useful information source for assessing digestate valorization pathway given a local market and context. Agriculture was the first destination to be considered, as it allows a more direct closing of nutrient and carbon cycles. Several processes exist either for concentrating desirable characteristics of digestates, enhancing organic matter stability or producing pure and reformulated fertilizers. Thermal conversion processes are either under development or full-scale demonstration. They allow to valorize the solids through the production of biofuels and/or biochar and in the coming future, to start a whole biorefinery system. Similarly, biomass harvesting processes such as microalgae are under upscaling, enabling to valorize the nutrients of the digestate liquid phase while producing renewable biomass from sunlight. Several value-added products were already obtained in laboratory to pilot conditions from UC-AD digestates, for example, biopesticides, biosurfactants and composite materials. Adding to technical challenges, the quality variation of digestates, regulation barriers, public acceptance and the difficult access to new markets are among the main obstacles to UC-AD digestates valorization into value-added products. Graphic abstract