Lignification in the flax stem: evidence for an unusual lignin in bast fibers
In the context of our research on cell wall formation and maturation in flax (Linum usitatissimum L) bast fibers, we (1) confirmed the presence of lignin in bast fibers and (2) quantified and characterized the chemical nature of this lignin at two developmental stages. Histochemical methods (Weisner...
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description | In the context of our research on cell wall formation and maturation in flax (Linum usitatissimum L) bast fibers, we (1) confirmed the presence of lignin in bast fibers and (2) quantified and characterized the chemical nature of this lignin at two developmental stages. Histochemical methods (Weisner and Maule reagents and KMnO4-staining) indicating the presence of lignin in bast fibers at the light and electron microscope levels were confirmed by chemical analyses (acetyl bromide). In general, the lignin content in flax bast fibers varied between 1.5% and 4.2% of the dry cell wall residues (CWRs) as compared to values varying between 23.7% and 31.4% in flax xylem tissues. Immunological and chemical analyses (thioacidolysis and nitrobenzene oxidation) indicated that both flax xylem- and bast fiber-lignins were rich in guaiacyl (G) units with S/G values inferior to 0.5. In bast fibers, the highly sensitive immunological probes allowed the detection of condensed guaiacyl-type (G) lignins in the middle lamella, cell wall junctions, and in the S1 layer of the secondary wall. In addition, lower quantities of mixed guaiacyl-syringyl (GS) lignins could be detected throughout the secondary cell wall. Chemical analyses suggested that flax bast-fiber lignin is more condensed than the corresponding xylem lignin. In addition, H units represented up to 25% of the monomers released from bast-fiber lignin as opposed to a value of 1% for the corresponding xylem tissue. Such an observation indicates that the structure of flax bast-fiber lignin is significantly different from that of the more typical 'woody plant lignin', thereby suggesting that flax bast fibers represent an interesting system for studying an unusual lignification process. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00425-005-1537-1 |
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Histochemical methods (Weisner and Maule reagents and KMnO4-staining) indicating the presence of lignin in bast fibers at the light and electron microscope levels were confirmed by chemical analyses (acetyl bromide). In general, the lignin content in flax bast fibers varied between 1.5% and 4.2% of the dry cell wall residues (CWRs) as compared to values varying between 23.7% and 31.4% in flax xylem tissues. Immunological and chemical analyses (thioacidolysis and nitrobenzene oxidation) indicated that both flax xylem- and bast fiber-lignins were rich in guaiacyl (G) units with S/G values inferior to 0.5. In bast fibers, the highly sensitive immunological probes allowed the detection of condensed guaiacyl-type (G) lignins in the middle lamella, cell wall junctions, and in the S1 layer of the secondary wall. In addition, lower quantities of mixed guaiacyl-syringyl (GS) lignins could be detected throughout the secondary cell wall. Chemical analyses suggested that flax bast-fiber lignin is more condensed than the corresponding xylem lignin. In addition, H units represented up to 25% of the monomers released from bast-fiber lignin as opposed to a value of 1% for the corresponding xylem tissue. Such an observation indicates that the structure of flax bast-fiber lignin is significantly different from that of the more typical 'woody plant lignin', thereby suggesting that flax bast fibers represent an interesting system for studying an unusual lignification process.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0032-0935</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-2048</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1537-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15968509</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PLANAB</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Biological and medical sciences ; Bromides ; Cell Wall ; Cell walls ; Chemical analysis ; Developmental stages ; Fiber cells ; fiber crops ; Fibers ; flax ; Flax - chemistry ; Flax - cytology ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Genetics ; histochemistry ; Life Sciences ; Lignification ; Lignin ; Lignin - analysis ; Lignin - ultrastructure ; Linum usitatissimum ; Metabolism ; Metabolism. Physicochemical requirements ; Nitrobenzene ; Nitrobenzenes ; Oxidation ; plant biochemistry ; plant fibers ; Plant physiology and development ; Plant Stems - chemistry ; Plant Stems - cytology ; Plant Stems - ultrastructure ; Plants ; Plants genetics ; Reagents ; tissue distribution ; Woody plants ; Xylem</subject><ispartof>Planta, 2005-10, Vol.222 (2), p.234-245</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2005</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-4db033631ce00c70f1134169bae1ddd44c4855f6b4525991d7a67a011d2214103</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-4db033631ce00c70f1134169bae1ddd44c4855f6b4525991d7a67a011d2214103</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9887-3122 ; 0000-0002-4017-6639 ; 0000-0002-6469-0907</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23389039$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/23389039$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,803,885,27923,27924,58016,58249</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17196150$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968509$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02682946$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Day, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruel, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neutelings, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cronier, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>David, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkins, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chabbert, B</creatorcontrib><title>Lignification in the flax stem: evidence for an unusual lignin in bast fibers</title><title>Planta</title><addtitle>Planta</addtitle><description>In the context of our research on cell wall formation and maturation in flax (Linum usitatissimum L) bast fibers, we (1) confirmed the presence of lignin in bast fibers and (2) quantified and characterized the chemical nature of this lignin at two developmental stages. Histochemical methods (Weisner and Maule reagents and KMnO4-staining) indicating the presence of lignin in bast fibers at the light and electron microscope levels were confirmed by chemical analyses (acetyl bromide). In general, the lignin content in flax bast fibers varied between 1.5% and 4.2% of the dry cell wall residues (CWRs) as compared to values varying between 23.7% and 31.4% in flax xylem tissues. Immunological and chemical analyses (thioacidolysis and nitrobenzene oxidation) indicated that both flax xylem- and bast fiber-lignins were rich in guaiacyl (G) units with S/G values inferior to 0.5. In bast fibers, the highly sensitive immunological probes allowed the detection of condensed guaiacyl-type (G) lignins in the middle lamella, cell wall junctions, and in the S1 layer of the secondary wall. In addition, lower quantities of mixed guaiacyl-syringyl (GS) lignins could be detected throughout the secondary cell wall. Chemical analyses suggested that flax bast-fiber lignin is more condensed than the corresponding xylem lignin. In addition, H units represented up to 25% of the monomers released from bast-fiber lignin as opposed to a value of 1% for the corresponding xylem tissue. Such an observation indicates that the structure of flax bast-fiber lignin is significantly different from that of the more typical 'woody plant lignin', thereby suggesting that flax bast fibers represent an interesting system for studying an unusual lignification process.</description><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Bromides</subject><subject>Cell Wall</subject><subject>Cell walls</subject><subject>Chemical analysis</subject><subject>Developmental stages</subject><subject>Fiber cells</subject><subject>fiber crops</subject><subject>Fibers</subject><subject>flax</subject><subject>Flax - chemistry</subject><subject>Flax - cytology</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>histochemistry</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Lignification</subject><subject>Lignin</subject><subject>Lignin - analysis</subject><subject>Lignin - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Linum usitatissimum</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolism. Physicochemical requirements</subject><subject>Nitrobenzene</subject><subject>Nitrobenzenes</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>plant biochemistry</subject><subject>plant fibers</subject><subject>Plant physiology and development</subject><subject>Plant Stems - chemistry</subject><subject>Plant Stems - cytology</subject><subject>Plant Stems - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Plants genetics</subject><subject>Reagents</subject><subject>tissue distribution</subject><subject>Woody plants</subject><subject>Xylem</subject><issn>0032-0935</issn><issn>1432-2048</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkUtv1DAUhS0EokPhB7AALCSQugjc61dsdlVFH9IgFtC15ThO61EmKXZSwb_HIaNWYmXrnu8c--oQ8hrhEwLUnzOAYLICkBVKXlf4hGxQcFYxEPop2QCUOxguj8iLnHcARazr5-QIpVFagtmQb9t4M8QuejfFcaBxoNNtoF3vftM8hf0XGu5jGwZfZmOibqDzMOfZ9bRffP8MjcsT7WITUn5JnnWuz-HV4Twm1-dff55dVtvvF1dnp9vKS2BTJdoGOFccfQDwNXSIXKAyjQvYtq0QXmgpO9UIyaQx2NZO1Q4QW8ZQIPBjcrLm3rre3qW4d-mPHV20l6dbu8yAKc2MUPdY2I8re5fGX3PIk93H7EPfuyGMc7ZKKw3IWAHf_wfuxjkNZQ-rGWgNteAFwhXyacw5he7heQS7lGLXUmwpxS6l2OUHbw_Bc7MP7aPj0EIBPhwAl73ru-QGH_MjV6NRKJe136zcLk9jetAZ59oAX3LerXrnRutuUsm4_sEAOSAoaTTyvz30o1s</recordid><startdate>20051001</startdate><enddate>20051001</enddate><creator>Day, A</creator><creator>Ruel, K</creator><creator>Neutelings, G</creator><creator>Cronier, D</creator><creator>David, H</creator><creator>Hawkins, S</creator><creator>Chabbert, B</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>Springer Verlag</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-3122</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-6639</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-0907</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20051001</creationdate><title>Lignification in the flax stem: evidence for an unusual lignin in bast fibers</title><author>Day, A ; Ruel, K ; Neutelings, G ; Cronier, D ; David, H ; Hawkins, S ; Chabbert, B</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-4db033631ce00c70f1134169bae1ddd44c4855f6b4525991d7a67a011d2214103</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Bromides</topic><topic>Cell Wall</topic><topic>Cell walls</topic><topic>Chemical analysis</topic><topic>Developmental stages</topic><topic>Fiber cells</topic><topic>fiber crops</topic><topic>Fibers</topic><topic>flax</topic><topic>Flax - chemistry</topic><topic>Flax - cytology</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>histochemistry</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Lignification</topic><topic>Lignin</topic><topic>Lignin - analysis</topic><topic>Lignin - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Linum usitatissimum</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Metabolism. Physicochemical requirements</topic><topic>Nitrobenzene</topic><topic>Nitrobenzenes</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>plant biochemistry</topic><topic>plant fibers</topic><topic>Plant physiology and development</topic><topic>Plant Stems - chemistry</topic><topic>Plant Stems - cytology</topic><topic>Plant Stems - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>Plants genetics</topic><topic>Reagents</topic><topic>tissue distribution</topic><topic>Woody plants</topic><topic>Xylem</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Day, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruel, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neutelings, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cronier, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>David, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkins, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chabbert, B</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><jtitle>Planta</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Day, A</au><au>Ruel, K</au><au>Neutelings, G</au><au>Cronier, D</au><au>David, H</au><au>Hawkins, S</au><au>Chabbert, B</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Lignification in the flax stem: evidence for an unusual lignin in bast fibers</atitle><jtitle>Planta</jtitle><addtitle>Planta</addtitle><date>2005-10-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>222</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>234</spage><epage>245</epage><pages>234-245</pages><issn>0032-0935</issn><eissn>1432-2048</eissn><coden>PLANAB</coden><abstract>In the context of our research on cell wall formation and maturation in flax (Linum usitatissimum L) bast fibers, we (1) confirmed the presence of lignin in bast fibers and (2) quantified and characterized the chemical nature of this lignin at two developmental stages. Histochemical methods (Weisner and Maule reagents and KMnO4-staining) indicating the presence of lignin in bast fibers at the light and electron microscope levels were confirmed by chemical analyses (acetyl bromide). In general, the lignin content in flax bast fibers varied between 1.5% and 4.2% of the dry cell wall residues (CWRs) as compared to values varying between 23.7% and 31.4% in flax xylem tissues. Immunological and chemical analyses (thioacidolysis and nitrobenzene oxidation) indicated that both flax xylem- and bast fiber-lignins were rich in guaiacyl (G) units with S/G values inferior to 0.5. In bast fibers, the highly sensitive immunological probes allowed the detection of condensed guaiacyl-type (G) lignins in the middle lamella, cell wall junctions, and in the S1 layer of the secondary wall. In addition, lower quantities of mixed guaiacyl-syringyl (GS) lignins could be detected throughout the secondary cell wall. Chemical analyses suggested that flax bast-fiber lignin is more condensed than the corresponding xylem lignin. In addition, H units represented up to 25% of the monomers released from bast-fiber lignin as opposed to a value of 1% for the corresponding xylem tissue. Such an observation indicates that the structure of flax bast-fiber lignin is significantly different from that of the more typical 'woody plant lignin', thereby suggesting that flax bast fibers represent an interesting system for studying an unusual lignification process.</abstract><cop>Berlin</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>15968509</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00425-005-1537-1</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-3122</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-6639</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-0907</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | Biological and medical sciences Bromides Cell Wall Cell walls Chemical analysis Developmental stages Fiber cells fiber crops Fibers flax Flax - chemistry Flax - cytology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Genetics histochemistry Life Sciences Lignification Lignin Lignin - analysis Lignin - ultrastructure Linum usitatissimum Metabolism Metabolism. Physicochemical requirements Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzenes Oxidation plant biochemistry plant fibers Plant physiology and development Plant Stems - chemistry Plant Stems - cytology Plant Stems - ultrastructure Plants Plants genetics Reagents tissue distribution Woody plants Xylem |
title | Lignification in the flax stem: evidence for an unusual lignin in bast fibers |
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