Water crystallization inside fuel cell membranes probed by X-ray scattering

▶ Water crystallization inside fuel cell membranes probed by X-ray scattering. ▶ Experimental observation of ice inside Nafion ® for hyperswollen state. ▶ The prediction of water freezing by the Gibbs–Thomson model. ▶ Host–water interaction controls the sorption–desorption and freezing phenomena. Wa...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of membrane science 2011-03, Vol.369 (1), p.148-154
Hauptverfasser:	Mendil-Jakani, Hakima, Davies, Richard J., Dubard, Emilie, Guillermo, Armel, Gebel, Gérard
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	acidity annealing Applied sciences artificial membranes Chemical Sciences Chemistry Colloidal state and disperse state Confinement contact angle cooling crystallization Energy Energy. Thermal use of fuels Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc Exact sciences and technology freezing Fuel cells General and physical chemistry Hyper swelling Ice crystals Material chemistry Membranes Nafion ® membrane Polymers relative humidity Solid-liquid interface Sulfonated polyimide Super-cooled water Surface physical chemistry surface tension temperature X-radiation
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